Chapter 3 Book Flashcards
Reaches widespread areas of the body.
Systemic effect.
limited to the area of the body where it is administered
Local effect.
Passage of a substance through a membrane into the bloodstream
Absorption.
Moving from the bloodstream into the tissues and fluids of the body
Distribution.
Physical and chemical alterations that the substance undergoes in the body
Metabolism.
Eliminating waste products of drug metabolism from the body
Excretion.
Incorrect administration may destroy the drug before it reaches the bloodstream or its site of action (e.. giving certain antibiotics after meals «instead of on an empty stomach)
Absorption
Poor circulation (impaired flow of blood) may prevent the drug from reaching tissues where it is to have its desired effect.
Distribution
Hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, or a damaged liver may prevent adequate breakdown of the drug, thus causing a build-up or accumulation of unmetabolized drug.
Metabolism
Renal damage or kidney failure may prevent passage of drug waste products, thereby causing an accumulation of the drug in the body
Excretion
inactive substance that resembles a medication, although no drug : is present.
placebo
The action of two drugs working together in which one helps the ocher simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone.
Synergism.
The action of two drugs in which one prolongs or multiplies the effect of the other. Drug A may be said to potentiate the effect of drug B. This interaction is often used in pain medications.
Potentiation.
The action of two drugs in which one prolongs or multiplies the effect of the other. Drug A may be said to potentiate the effect of drug B. This interaction is often used in pain medications.
Potentiation.
The opposing action of two drugs in which one decreases or cancels out the effect of the other.
Antagonism
is defined as the amount of a drug given for a particular therapeutic or desired effect.
Dosage
Smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.
Minimum dose.
Largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effect without producing symptoms of toxicity.
Maximum dose.
Initial high dose (often maximum dose) used to quickly elevate the level of a drug in the blood (often followed by a series of lower maintenance doses).
Loading dose.
Dose required to keep the level of a drug in the blood at a steady state to maintain the desired effect.
Maintenance dose.
Amount of a drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning.
Toxic dose.
Dose that causes death.
Lethal dose.
Dose that is customarily given (average adult dose based on body weight of 150 lb); adjusted according to variations from the norm.
Therapeutic dose.
science that examines how our genes may explain if a drug should work and if it will be toxic to our bodies.
pharmacogenomics
Effect from maternal drug administration that causes physical defects in a fetus. See Table 3-3, which describes the FDA pregnancy categories.
Teratogenic effect.
Unique, unusual, and unexpected response to a
drug
Idiosyncratic reaction.
Opposite effect from that expected.
Paradoxical reaction.
Decreased response to a drug that develops after repeated doses are given. To achieve the desired effect, the drug dosage must be increased or the drug must be replaced
Tolerance.
Acquired need for a drug that may produce psychological or physical symptoms of withdrawal when the drug is discontinued
Dependence.
Generally acceptable- Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.
Pregnancy category A
May be acceptable either animal studies show no risk (human studies unavailable) or animal studies show minor risks and human studies done and show no risk.
Pregnancy Category B
Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks animal studies show risk and human studies unavailable or no animal or human studies done,
Pregnancy Category C
Use only in life-threatening emergencies when there is na safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.
Pregnancy Category D
Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh all potential benefits.
Pregnancy Category X
Immune response (allergy) to a drug may be of varying degrees.
Hypersensitivity.
Severe, possibly fatal, allergic (hypersensitivity) response.
Anaphylactic reaction.
Drugs working together for a better effect
Synergism
Drugs working against each other or counteracting each other’s effect
Antagonism
One drug making the effect of another drug more powerful
Potentiation
Amount of drug that can cause death
Lethal dose
Amount of drug that can cause dangerous side effects
Toxic dose
Amount of drug required to keep drug level steady
Maintenance dose
Unusual response to a drug, other than expected effect
Idiosyncratic
Decreased response after repeated use of a drug, increased dosage required for effect
Tolerance
Acquired need for a drug, with symptoms of withdrawal when discontinued
Dependence
Effects on a fetus from maternal use of a drug
Teratogenic
