Chapter 3 Book

Question 1

Reaches widespread areas of the body.

Answer 1

Systemic effect.

Question 2

limited to the area of the body where it is administered

Answer 2

Local effect.

Question 3

Passage of a substance through a membrane into the bloodstream

Answer 3

Absorption.

Question 4

Moving from the bloodstream into the tissues and fluids of the body

Answer 4

Distribution.

Question 5

Physical and chemical alterations that the substance undergoes in the body

Answer 5

Metabolism.

Question 6

Eliminating waste products of drug metabolism from the body

Answer 6

Excretion.

Question 7

Incorrect administration may destroy the drug before it reaches the bloodstream or its site of action (e.. giving certain antibiotics after meals «instead of on an empty stomach)

Answer 7

Absorption

Question 8

Poor circulation (impaired flow of blood) may prevent the drug from reaching tissues where it is to have its desired effect.

Answer 8

Distribution

Question 9

Hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, or a damaged liver may prevent adequate breakdown of the drug, thus causing a build-up or accumulation of unmetabolized drug.

Answer 9

Metabolism

Question 10

Renal damage or kidney failure may prevent passage of drug waste products, thereby causing an accumulation of the drug in the body

Answer 10

Excretion

Question 11

inactive substance that resembles a medication, although no drug : is present.

Answer 11

placebo

Question 12

The action of two drugs working together in which one helps the ocher simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone.

Answer 12

Synergism.

Question 13

The action of two drugs in which one prolongs or multiplies the effect of the other. Drug A may be said to potentiate the effect of drug B. This interaction is often used in pain medications.

Answer 13

Potentiation.

Question 14

The action of two drugs in which one prolongs or multiplies the effect of the other. Drug A may be said to potentiate the effect of drug B. This interaction is often used in pain medications.

Answer 14

Potentiation.

Question 15

The opposing action of two drugs in which one decreases or cancels out the effect of the other.

Answer 15

Antagonism

Question 16

is defined as the amount of a drug given for a particular therapeutic or desired effect.

Answer 16

Dosage

Question 17

Smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.

Answer 17

Minimum dose.

Question 18

Largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effect without producing symptoms of toxicity.

Answer 18

Maximum dose.

Question 19

Initial high dose (often maximum dose) used to quickly elevate the level of a drug in the blood (often followed by a series of lower maintenance doses).

Answer 19

Loading dose.

Question 20

Dose required to keep the level of a drug in the blood at a steady state to maintain the desired effect.

Answer 20

Maintenance dose.

Question 21

Amount of a drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning.

Answer 21

Toxic dose.

Question 22

Dose that causes death.

Answer 22

Lethal dose.

Question 23

Dose that is customarily given (average adult dose based on body weight of 150 lb); adjusted according to variations from the norm.

Answer 23

Therapeutic dose.

Question 24

science that examines how our genes may explain if a drug should work and if it will be toxic to our bodies.

Answer 24

pharmacogenomics

Question 25

Effect from maternal drug administration that causes physical defects in a fetus. See Table 3-3, which describes the FDA pregnancy categories.

Answer 25

Teratogenic effect.

Question 26

Unique, unusual, and unexpected response to a
drug

Answer 26

Idiosyncratic reaction.

Question 27

Opposite effect from that expected.

Answer 27

Paradoxical reaction.

Question 28

Decreased response to a drug that develops after repeated doses are given. To achieve the desired effect, the drug dosage must be increased or the drug must be replaced

Answer 28

Tolerance.

Question 29

Acquired need for a drug that may produce psychological or physical symptoms of withdrawal when the drug is discontinued

Answer 29

Dependence.

Question 30

Generally acceptable- Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

Answer 30

Pregnancy category A

Question 31

May be acceptable either animal studies show no risk (human studies unavailable) or animal studies show minor risks and human studies done and show no risk.

Answer 31

Pregnancy Category B

Question 32

Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks animal studies show risk and human studies unavailable or no animal or human studies done,

Answer 32

Pregnancy Category C

Question 33

Use only in life-threatening emergencies when there is na safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

Answer 33

Pregnancy Category D

Question 34

Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh all potential benefits.

Answer 34

Pregnancy Category X

Question 35

Immune response (allergy) to a drug may be of varying degrees.

Answer 35

Hypersensitivity.

Question 36

Severe, possibly fatal, allergic (hypersensitivity) response.

Answer 36

Anaphylactic reaction.

Question 37

Drugs working together for a better effect

Answer 37

Synergism

Question 38

Drugs working against each other or counteracting each other’s effect

Answer 38

Antagonism

Question 39

One drug making the effect of another drug more powerful

Answer 39

Potentiation

Question 40

Amount of drug that can cause death

Answer 40

Lethal dose

Question 41

Amount of drug that can cause dangerous side effects

Answer 41

Toxic dose

Question 42

Amount of drug required to keep drug level steady

Answer 42

Maintenance dose

Question 43

Unusual response to a drug, other than expected effect

Answer 43

Idiosyncratic

Question 44

Decreased response after repeated use of a drug, increased dosage required for effect

Answer 44

Tolerance

Question 45

Acquired need for a drug, with symptoms of withdrawal when discontinued

Answer 45

Dependence

Question 46

Effects on a fetus from maternal use of a drug

Answer 46

Teratogenic