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PHARMACOLOGY > WEEK 11 > Flashcards

WEEK 11 Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is composed of the endocrine glands, these are ductless glands which release their secretion directly into the blood. Their secretion is called

A

hormones

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2
Q

The endocrine system is controlled by the

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

also called hypophysis

master gland

A

pituitary gland

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4
Q

Hypothalamus has endocrine function. It releases hormones that will influence the release of the anterior pituitary gland hormones. This hormone is also called

A

factor

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5
Q

The hypothalamus also produces two hormones that are stored in the

A

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland ( also called neurohypophysis)

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6
Q

The hypothalamus also produces two hormones

A

Anti – Diuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

Oxytocin

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7
Q

ADH effect is to cause

A

water retention and vasoconstriction, hence the name vasopressin.

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8
Q

oxytocin function is to cause

A

uterine contraction and milk ejection and it is released during labor, delivery and lactation.

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9
Q

(also called adenohypophysis)

A

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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10
Q

stimulates normal body growth

A

Growth hormone

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11
Q

stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin, a pigment in the skin

A

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

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12
Q

stimulate production of milk from the
mammary glands

A

Prolactin

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13
Q

produces melatonin that induces sleep

A

Pineal gland

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14
Q

Thyroid gland – produces

A

Calcitonin

Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

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15
Q

controls the rate by which glucose is used by the cell as a source of energy

A

Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

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16
Q

regulating serum calcium
level by decreasing its amount in the plasma

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

this is the most active gland under stress because one of its hormone has anti stress function.

A

Adrenal gland

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18
Q

produces catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine acting as neurotransmitters of the SNS

A

Adrenal medulla

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19
Q

Adrenal cortex – produces three hormones

A

Mineralocorticoids

Glucocortoids

Androgen

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20
Q

Aldosterone which increases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys and in effect increases water reabsorption as well, it will also increase potassium excretion

A

Mineralocorticoids

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21
Q

Cortisol this has antistress property. It has a diurnal pattern of release having its peak secretion at 9 am then goes down by late afternoon and at night. Cortisol helps a person to overcome stress in the morning. Cortisol has a lot of metabolic functions. It increases glucose in the blood. It increased production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.It causes mobilization of fats. It also causes water retention. Cortisol has anti – inflammatory function as it suppresses WBS function.

A

Glucocorticoids

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22
Q

the endocrine function of this organ lies in their Islets of Langerhans cells

A

Pancreas

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23
Q

produces glucagon that regulates glucose in the blood by increasing its amount

A

Alpha cells

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24
Q

produces insulin that helps the glucose to enter the liver cells and the muscle cells thereby decreasing the amount of glucose in the blood.

A

Beta cells

25
Q

produces somatostatin, which may also be produced by other endocrine tissues. Somatostatin inhibits other hormones like insulin, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and other minor hormone like cholecystokinin.

A

Delta cells

26
Q

This is a disorder characterized by hyposecretion of the pituitary gland. This may be due to congenital defects of pituitary, circulatory disturbances like hemorrhage and infarction, inflammation or tumor in the pituitary gland. This is often seen as growth hormone (GH) deficiency before other clinical manifestations are seen.

A

HYPOPITUITARISM

27
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism med

A

Somatropin and somatrem

28
Q

is indicated only for the treatment of children with growth failure due to lack of endogenous GH.

A

Somatrem

29
Q

is indicated for the treatment of growth failure due to lack of GH or to chronic renal failure, for treatment of short stature associated with Turner’s syndrome.

A

Somatropin

30
Q

Growth hormone hypersecretion may occur in children before the closure of the epiphyseal plate,

A

Gigantism

31
Q

growth hormone production increases after closure of epiphyseal plates in adults, then the disorder is called

A

Acromegaly

32
Q

HYPERPITUITARISM drug

A

Octreotide,
Pegvisomant,
Bromocriptine

33
Q

most commonly associated with tumor secreting adrenal cortex hormones.

A

Hypersecretion

34
Q

Under secretion is causing a disorder called

A

Addison’s disease or Adrenal Insufficiency.

35
Q

ADRENOCORTICAL DRUGS

Hypersecretion

Addison’s disease or Adrenal Insufficiency.

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids

36
Q

An autoimmune disease characterized by overproduction of hormone, enlarged thyroid gland and protrusion of the eyes.

A

Grave’s disease

37
Q

Anti – thyroid drugs

A

Thioamides

Iodine solutions

38
Q

an autoimmune disorder causing under secretion of thyroid hormones leading to its decrease function causing hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension, myxedema or accumulation of polysaccharides in the interstitial space affecting skin.

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,

39
Q

Thyroid Hormone replacement

A

Levothyroxine

Liothyronine

40
Q

a synthetic salt of T4 is the most frequently used replacement hormone because of its predictable bioavailability and reliability.

A

Levothyroxine

41
Q

is a synthetic salt of T3, rapid onset and long duration of action.

A

Liothyronine

42
Q

Excessive secretion of PTH leads to increased calcium in the blood. To decrease levels of calcium,

Drug

A

Bisphosphonates
Calcitonin

43
Q

is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia most commonly due to insulin dysfunction

A

Diabetes mellitus

44
Q

lack of insulin production

A

Type 1 DM

45
Q

insulin is produced by the beta cells but the insulin produce may be ineffective or there is a slow release of insulin from the beta cells or the liver cells and the muscles cells are insensitive to the presence of insulin

A

Type 2 DM

46
Q

happens during pregnancy and believed to be caused by a hormone called Human Placental Lactogen (HPL) which may decrease sensitivity of cells to insulin

A

Gestational DM

47
Q

diseases causing destruction of beta cells like chronic pancreatitis may also lead to symptoms of DM. Too much production of cortisol can increase blood sugar level and show symptoms of DM as well.

A

DM associated by other conditions

48
Q

is given subcutaneously. It is the primary treatment for clients with type 1 DM. It does not cross the placenta so it is safe to use by pregnant women making it also the drug of choice for clients with gestational DM. I

A

Insulin

49
Q

Very short

A

Aspart, Lispro

50
Q

Intermediate

A

NPH

51
Q

Long Acting

A

Ultralente

52
Q

Very long acting

A

Glargine, Lantus

53
Q

First generation Sulfonylureas

A

Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide

54
Q

Second generation Sulfonylurea

A

Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimeperide

55
Q

Non Sulfonylureas Biguanides
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors

A

Metformin Acarbose

56
Q

Thiazolidinedones

A

Pioglitazone

57
Q

Meglitinides

A

Repaglinide

58
Q

DDP-4 inhibitors

A

Sitagliptin, Linagliptin

59
Q

are used to patients with type 2 DM only. These drug can cause harmful effects to pregnant and nursing infants.

A

Oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA)

PHARMACOLOGY (22 decks)

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