Week 5 - Health Promotion Theories and Models Flashcards
1
Q
Why do sociologists uses theories?
A
- To explain actions and behaviours of society as a whole (social theory)
2
Q
Why do psychologists use theories?
A
- To explain and predict behaviours (behaviour theories)
3
Q
Why to health promotion practitioners use theories?
A
- to understand, predict, and change behaviour (approaches to health promotion)
4
Q
What is Glanz, et al., 2008 definition of a theory?
A
- set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situation
5
Q
What is McKenzie et al., 2013 definition of a theory?
A
- Systematic arrangement fundamental principles that provide a basis for explaining certain happenings of life.
6
Q
What is Green, 1994, explanation for the role of theory?
A
- Is to untangle and simplify for human comprehension the complexities of nature
7
Q
What is Cottrell, 2015 explanation of the theory of health promotion?
A
- A general explanation of why people act, or do not act, to maintain and/or to promote the health of themselves, their families, organizations, and communities
8
Q
What are theories made of?
A
- Concepts
9
Q
What happens to a concept when it is developed in a theory?
A
- Becomes construct
10
Q
What is the primary element of theories?
A
- Concepts
11
Q
What is the operational form of a construct?
A
- A Variable
12
Q
What is a model?
A
- They draw on a number of theories to help people understand a specific problem in a particular setting or context
13
Q
When are people more likely to exercise?
A
Personal Belief
- if they feel confident in their ability to exercise
14
Q
What is the concept of personal belief captured in?
A
the Self-efficacy construct
- In social cognition theory
15
Q
How can the construct of ‘self-efficacy’ be measured?
A
- Asking people to rate thier confidence to complete certain exercise tasks
16
Q
When would a health promotion specialist use a model?
A
- To plan and carry out the intervention
17
Q
Why use a theory in health promotion?
A
- organize different forms of knowledge
- Create meaning from informatio
18
Q
Describe theory-based health promotion?
A
- Indicate reasons of unhealthy behaviours
- Identify important information
- Conceptual framework for selecting constructs
- Insight into best intervention delivery
- Identifies measurements needed to understand impact
19
Q
What 3 types of theories or models will we look at?
A
- Theories of behaviour change
- Ecological theories and models
- Theories and models of planned intervention and evaluation
20
Q
When was the Health Belief Model developed? Who did it?
A
Irwin Rosenstock (1996)
21
Q
What inspired the health belief model?
A
- Study of reasons people seek or decline x-ray exams for tuberculosis
22
Q
Who expanded on the health belief model?
A
- Becker et al.
23
Q
How did Becker et al. expand on the health belief model?
A
- To include compliance with medical directives, illness behaviours, preventative health and health screening
24
Q
What constructs did the health belief model (1966) originally included?
A
- Perceived susceptibility
- Perceived Severity
- Perceived Barriers
- Perceived Cost
25
Describe the perceived susceptibility
- Perceived risk of getting conditions
26
Describe perceived severity
- perceived seriousness of consequences
27
Describe perceived barriers
- perceived side effects, time, or feasibililty
28
describe perceived cost
- perception of what is required of individuals
29
What constructs were later added to the health belief model?
- Self-efficacy
- Cues to action
30
What are all the constructs currently included in the health belief model?
- perceived susceptibility
- Perceived severity
- perceived barriers
- perceived cost
- self-efficacy
- cues to action
31
What are the critiques of health belief model?
- Not all behaviour is based on rational or conscious choice
- Focus on negative factors and ignore positive motivations that prompt healthy behaviour
32
Who developed the theory of reasoned action?
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975)
33
What is the underlying assumption of the theory of reasoned action (1975)?
- people consider the consequences of their behaviours before engaging in behaviours
34
What are the constructs included in the theory of reasoned action (1975)?
- Behavioural Intention
- Attitude
- Subjetive Norms
34
Who developed the theory of planned behaviour (1985)?
- Ajzen, building on the theory of reasoned action
34
What are the critiques of the Theory of Reasoned Action (1975)?
- Not all behaviours are under individual control (addiction, habits, craving)
35
What does the theory of planned behaviour add to the theory of reasoned action?
- Perceived behavioural control predictor
36
Where does perceived behavioural control come from?
- Bandura's concept of 'self-efficacy'
37
What does perceived behavioural control account for?
- Times when people dont have conscious control or when they intend to do something but do not because of lack of confidence or control
38
What does the theory of planned behaviour specify about the likelihood of behaviour change?
- It is dependent on amount of control and strength of intent
39
According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour what three beliefs are critical to behaviour change?
- Behavioural Beliefs: Attitudes
- Normative Beliefs: Subjective Norms
- Control Beliefs: Perceived Behavioural Control
40
What are the critiques of the theory of planned behaviour?
- Focused on cognitive elements
- Ignores role of emotions and affective states
41
What is a sample of measuring intention to exercise?
Q - I intend to exercise for at least 20min, three times per week for the next three months
A- Likely to unlikely (1-7)
42
What is a sample of measuring subjective norms?
Q - most people who are important to me approve of my exercising for a least 20 minutes, three times per week for the next three months.
A - Agree to disagree (1-7)
43
What is a sample of measuring perceived behavioural control?
Q - I have access to exercise for at least 20 minutes, three times per week for the next three months.
A - Agree to Disagree (1-7)
44
When was the social cognitive theory developed? By who?
1989 - by Bandura
45
How does the social cognitive theory (1989) explain behaviour?
Behaviour is Learned by:
- Observation
- Limitation
- Positive Reinforcement
46
What is another way the social cognitive theory explains how people also learn?
- By perceiving the benefits others reap from their actions
47
What 6 constructs are present in the social cognitive theory?
- Observational Learning
- Goals
- Outcome Expectations / Expectancies
- Self-Regulation
- Behavioural Capacity
- Self-Efficacy
48
What opportunities does the social cognitive theory provide to intervene at different points?
- Behaviours
- Personal Factors (e.g., self-beliefs)
- Environment
49
What are the critiques of social cognitive theory?
- Over-reliance on individuals as agents of change
- Can demonstrate effects, but not always long-lasting
50
Who developed the self-determination theory (1985)?
- Deci and Ryan
51
Explain the self-determination theory
- behaviour not merely response to reinforcement or punishment
- Driven to fulfill basic needs and realize our potential (self-actualization)
52
What mini-theories does the self-determination theory include?
- Cognitive Evaluation Theory
- Organismic Integration Theory
- Basic Psychological Needs Theory
- Causality Orientation Theory
- Goal Content Theory
53
Explain the causality orientations theory that is included in the self-determination theory
- Individual differences in one's tendency towards motivation
54
Explain the goals content theory of the self-determination theory
- Type of goals individuals strive to attain
55
Explain the cognitive evaluation theory of the self-determination theory
- Conditions in one's environment that impact motivation
56
Explain the basic psychological needs theory of the self-determination theory
- Psychological needs of individual
57
Explain the organismic integration theory of self-determination theory
- Individual's innate tendencies to engage in interesting activities or activities that are fulfilling
58
