Reading Week 2 - Chapter 1 - Evolution of Health Promotion in Canada

Question 1

What are the four distinct eras of health promotion in Canada?

Answer 1

• The Health Education Era (pre-1974)
• The Health Promotion Development and Golden Era (1974-1994)
• The Population Health Era (1994-2007)
• The Population Health Promotion Era (2007)

Question 2

What did health promotion practices primarily revolve around before 1974?

Answer 2

• Disseminating sanitary information

Question 3

What activities for health promotion practices were used before 1974?

Answer 3

Production of:
- Pamphlets
- Posters
- Books
- Newspaper Columns
- Film Strips
- Radio Messages

Question 4

What was the goal of health promotion between 1600 and mid 19th century?

Answer 4

• Activities aimed at promoting health of the population

Question 5

What happened in the 1880s regarding federal and provincial governments and health promotion?

Answer 5

• concern for disseminating sanitary information

Question 6

What happened to health promotion post world war II era?

Answer 6

• Missionary zeal dominated health promotion activities
• limited scientifically grounded interventions

Question 7

What did health promotion before 1974 primarily focus on?

Answer 7

Information Related to:
- Sanitary practices
- Basic Health Behaviours

Question 8

What did health education efforts focus on pre 1974?

Answer 8

• Targeted individual behavior change
• facilitated through one-to-one or small group interactions

Question 9

What was the international influence on Canada’s health promotion pre 1974?

Answer 9

• Emergence of more systematic and scientific approach to health education

Question 10

What were key figures in Canadian health promotion pre 1974?

Answer 10

• 1951, International union for health education
• Social Scientists and communication specialists

Question 11

What did the international union for health education that was established in 1951, promote?

Answer 11

• Exchange of experiences and information in health education

Question 12

What did social scientists and communication specialists develop regarding health promotion in Canada pre-1974?

Answer 12

• Models for understanding health-related behaviours

Question 13

What caused a shift towards targeting behavioural risk factors?

Answer 13

• Transition from infectious diseases to ‘diseases of civilization’

Question 14

What individual factors that contribute to chronic diseases grew in recognition in health promotion pre-1974?

Answer 14

• smoking
• sedentary lifestyles
• poor diet

Question 15

When did Canadian health promotion begin introducing theoretical models? Whats an example?

Answer 15

When
- In the pre-1974 era
Example
- Health Belief Model (1974)

Question 16

What was the impact of health promotion pre-1974?

Answer 16

• Gradual infiltration of scientific approaches into day-to-day health education practices
• Strong belief in the intrinsic value of educating the public to improve health outcomes

Question 17

When was the Golden Era of Health Promotion?

Answer 17

1974-1994

Question 18

What was the Golden Era of Health Promotion signaled as?

Answer 18

• A significant shift from traditional health education to comprehensive health promotion strategies

Question 19

What was the Golden Era of Health Promotion marked by?

Answer 19

• Global recognition of the importance of investing in factors beyond healthcare to improve population health

Question 20

What lead to the re-evaluation of healthcare systems worldwide in the mid 1970s?

Answer 20

• Economic shifts

Question 21

what did the Lalonde Report advocate for?

Answer 21

• Investing resources beyond healthcare services to improve population health

Question 22

When did the Lalonde Report come out?

Answer 22

• 1974

Question 23

What did the concept of the ‘health field’ introduce?

Answer 23

Four Determinants of Health
- Human Biology
- Health Services
- Personal Lifestyles
- Environment

Question 24

When was the Health Promotion Directorate (HPD) established? what did if focus on?

Answer 24

When
- 1978 in Canada
Focus
- Lifestyle changes

Question 25

What did the first International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa (1986) highlight?

Answer 25

- Importance of environmental factors in health

Question 26

What was recognized about individual behavioural change in the Golden Age of Health Promotion?

Answer 26

- Insufficient to address public health challenges

Question 27

What was adopted during the Golden Age of Health Promotion?

Answer 27

Broader approach encompassing: - Policy Changes - Healthy public environments - Community Action

Question 28

What factors were acknowledged in the influence of health outcomes in the golden age of health promotion?

Answer 28

Role of: - Environment - Social - Economic - Political

Question 29

What was the critique of solely focusing on individual behaviour change in the golden age of health promotion?

Answer 29

- it could lead to victim-blaming

Question 30

What does the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion Emphasize?

Answer 30

- Improtance of creating supportive environements for health

Question 31

What did the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion highlight?

Answer 31

- The need for multisectoral collaboration and community participation in health promotion efforts

Question 32

Where was the second international health conference take place? When?

Answer 32

- Adelaide (1988)

Question 33

Where did the third international health promotion conference take place? when?

Answer 33

- Sundsvall (1991)

Question 34

What did the second and third international health conference focus on?

Answer 34

- implementing strategies proposed in the Ottawa Charter

Question 35

What were two Canadian federal initiatives for health promotion during the golden age of health promotion?

Answer 35

- Strengthening Community Health Project - Healthy Communities Initiative

Question 36

What was the health promotion emphasis during the golden age of health promotion in Canada?

Answer 36

- Integrating health promotion with population health approaches - Recognizing the interconnectedness of individual and societal factors

Question 37

What was the overal impact of the golden age of health promotion?

Answer 37

- Significant expansion of health promotion efforts - Shift towards comprehensive strategies addressing social, economic, and environmental determinants of health

Question 38

When was the population health era?

Answer 38

1994-2007

Question 39

What was the shift in focus during the population health era?

Answer 39

- Transition to renewed emphasis on population health approaches

Question 40

What influenced healthcare policies and priorities during the population health era?

Answer 40

- Global economic shifts - Changing political climates

Question 41

What international developments impacted health during the population health era?

Answer 41

- Trends towards neoliberalism reduced government intervention in social welfare - Decreased influence of WHO in favour of economic institution like the World Bank

Question 42

What catalyzed the adoption of population health perspectives in Canada?

Answer 42

- Publication of "why some people are healthy and others are not" (Evans et al., 1994)

Question 43

What did the Canadian Federal government abandon in favor of population health approaches?

Answer 43

- leadership in health promotion

Question 44

What replaced the health promotion directorate? when?

Answer 44

- Population Health Directorate (1995)

Question 45

When did the Federal Cabinet adopt the population health approach to guide health policy?

Answer 45

1997

Question 46

What did the population health approach recognize?

Answer 46

- Broader determinants of health, beyond individual behaviours Including: - socioeconomic factors - Environment - Access to Resources

Question 47

What did the population health approach emphasize?

Answer 47

- Addressing health inequities and social determinants of health through policy and structural interventions

Question 48

What are the critiques and concerns of the population health era?

Answer 48

- Sidelining of traditional health promotion efforts - Influence of economic interests over public health priorities

Question 49

What were the overall impacts of the population health era?

Answer 49

- Reorientation of healthcare policies towards social determinants of health - Structural interventions - Addressing systemic barriers to health

Question 50

When is the Population Health Promotion Era?

Answer 50

- Since 2007

Question 51

Explain the continuation of trends in the population health promotion era?

Answer 51

- Health promotion strategies influenced by population health models

Question 52

Explain the global context of the population health promotion era

Answer 52

- continued influence of neoliberalism and globalization on healthcare systems - Economic institutions dominance over health policies

Question 53

How did health promotion initiatives adpat to changing models of health?

Answer 53

- Aligned with population health approaches - Continued collaboration between sectors

Question 54

What are some critiques and concerns of the population health promotion era?

Answer 54

- dominance of economic interests in shaping health policies - neglect of traditional health promotion efforts

Question 55

What are some opportunities for progress during the population health promotion era?

Answer 55

- Potential for addressing social determinants of health within population health frameworks - Advocacy for health equity and social justice within healthcare policies and practices

Question 56

What is the overall impact of the population health promotion era since 2007?

Answer 56

- persistence of population health approaches in shaping healthcare policies and practices - Health promotion initiatives adapted to align with population health frameworks - Emphasizing structural interventions and addressing social determinants of health