Week 3 - The Evolution of Health Promotion Flashcards
1
Q
What are some examples of investigations of Health and Illness?
A
- Dr. Snow 1854: Cholera Outbreak
- Black Lung: Does not occur in adequately ventilated mines
2
Q
When did social medicine or public health emerge?
A
- mid-19th century
3
Q
What did the emergence of public health establish?
A
- Clear link between disease and poor living conditions
4
Q
What is epidemiology?
A
- Study of patterns of disease in the population
5
Q
What is the first example of epidemiology?
A
- Difference in mortality rates between laborers and professionals
6
Q
What were most industrialized countries doing in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s to reduce infectious disease?
A
- Focused on improving sanitation
7
Q
When was the Canadian Department of Health established? By who?
A
When
- 1919
Who
- Prime Minister Borden
8
Q
What was the Canadian Department of Health originally created to address?
A
- Quarantines
- Food and Drug Standards
- Promote ‘Child Welfare’
- Campaigns against the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
9
Q
What happened when rates of mortality due to infection and issues of sanitation dropped?
A
- New sources of mortality were largely behavioural
10
Q
What ‘Risky Behaviours’ became the primary targets of health education?
A
- Smoking
- Sedentary Lifestyles
- Eating Habits
- Etc.
11
Q
How does WHO describe Health Education?
A
- Conscious opportunities for learning through communication, designed to improve health literacy.
12
Q
What kind of things does WHO say are included in Health Education?
A
- Improving Knowledge
- Developing life skills
13
Q
When was the era of Health Education?
A
- Pre 1974
14
Q
What was the era of health education characterized by?
A
- Increase research into health behaviors
- Creation of educational campaigns
15
Q
Where and when was the Health Belief Model developed?
A
- Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1950s
16
Q
When was the rise of health promotion?
A
1974-1994
17
Q
What lead to the rise of health promotion?
A
- Increasingly obvious that health education was not having desired effects
18
Q
What lead researchers to believe that health education was not having desired effects?
A
- Individuals better informed but did not adopt healthful behaviours
19
Q
What does the focus shift to during the health promotion era?
A
- Changing behaviours rather than simply educating behaviours
20
Q
What was the Lalonde Report Titled?
A
- A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians
21
Q
When was the Lalonde Report published?
A
1974
22
Q
What is unique about the Lalonde Report?
A
- First Document by government of major developed country to advocate for investing in services beyond health care to improve health of population
23
Q
What did the Lalonde Report provide context for?
A
- Alma-ata (1978) conference co-sponsored by WHO and UNICEF
24
Q
What did delegates of the Lalonde Report propose?
A
- Countries stop investing in costly acute care
- Return to ‘primary health care’
25
Despite the holistic nature of the health field model, what did the report still focus on?
- Individual element of health
- "Self-imposed risks"
- "Individual blame must be accepted..."
26
What are the Elements of the Health Field Concept?
- Human Biology
- Environment (physical & social)
- Lifestyle
- Health Care Organization
27
When was the Golden Era of Health Promotion?
1974-1994
28
What did the World Health Assembly of WHO vote for in 1979?
- A set of measures in keeping with the Lalonde Report and Alma-Ata Declaration
29
What did the World Health Assembly of WHO endorse in 1979?
- A global strategy for Health for All by Year 2000
30
What happened following the Lalonde Report?
- Despite global attention, limited change
31
What were some growing concerns within the health education field following the Lalonde Report?
- Providing information and focusing on individual change can lead to 'victim blaming'
32
What is the Health Promotion Directorate? When was it introduced?
1978 - First bureaucratic structure devoted to health promotion in the world
33
When does the International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa happen? Who organized it?
1986 - WHO
34
How does the Ottawa Charter describe Health Education?
- Individually focused health behaviours
35
How does the Ottawa Charter describe Health Promotion?
- Ecological
- Multi-level models that encompass entire 'health field'
36
Describe Health Promotion
- Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
37
Example of Health Promotion
- "Make the healthiest choice the easiest choice"
38
Explain Health Promotion as a Specialized Field of Practice
- Focus on planned change of lifestyle and life conditions having an impact on health using a variety of strategies
39
What strategies are used for health promotion as a specialized field of practice?
- Health Education
- Social Marketing
- Mass Communication
- Political Action
- Community Organization
- Organizational Development
40
What did the Ottawa Charter identify as prerequisites for good health?
- Peace
- Shelter
- Education
- Food
- Income
- Stable Eco-system
- Sustainable Resources
- Social Justice and Equity
41
What are the Three Basic Health Promotion Strategies?
- Enable
- Mediate
- Advocate
42
Explain the reasoning behind the 'Enable' Basic Strategy of Health Promotion
- People cannot achieve their fullest health unless they have control over things that determine their health
43
Explain the 'Enable' Basic Health Strategy
Ensure Equal:
- Opportunity
- Access to resources
44
Explain the reasoning behind the 'Mediate' Basic Health Promotion Strategy
- The prerequisites for health cannot be addressed by the health sector alone
45
Explain the 'Mediate' Basic Health Promotion Strategy
Demand Coordinated Action by:
- Governments
- Health/Social/Economic Sectors
- Nongovernmental Organization
- Voluntary Organizations
- Local Authorities
- Media
- Industry
46
Explain the reasoning for the 'Advocate' Basic Health Promotion Strategies
- Health promotion action advocates for favourable conditions (making the best choice the easiest choice)
47
Explain the 'Advocate' Basic Health Promotion Strategy
Includes Action on Factors that are:
- Political
- Economic
- Social
- Cultural
- Environmental
- Behavioural
- Biological
48
What are the 5 Key Action Areas for Health Promotion?
- Build Healthy Public Policy
- Create Supportive Environments
- Strengthen Community Action
- Develop Personal Skills
- Reorient Health Services
49
How does health promotion help build healthy public policy?
Health promotion looks for coordinate approaches to:
- Legislation
- Fiscal Measures
- Taxation
- Organizational Change
50
How does Health Promotion Create Supportive Environments?
Work and Leisure should be a source of health for people:
- Organize to create a healthy society
- Care for nature environment
- Create conditions that are safe, satisfying, enjoyable
51
How does health promotion strengthen community actions?
Empowerment of communities:
- Ownership and control of endeavours
- Draw on existing human and material resources in community
- Support public participation in health matters
52
Explain how Health Promotion Develops personal skills
Supports personal and social development:
- Providing info and education for health
- Increasing options available to people to have more control over their health
- Enabling people to cope with illness and injuries
53
Explain how Health Promotion Reorient Health Services
Health sector moves beyond providing clinical and curative services:
- Open channels between sectors
- Support needs of individuals and communities for healthier lives
- Refocus on the total needs of the whole person
54
What kind of shift does health promotion signify?
- From understanding health to understanding how to influence health
55
