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Kin - 464 > Week 3 - The Evolution of Health Promotion > Flashcards

Week 3 - The Evolution of Health Promotion Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of investigations of Health and Illness?

A
  • Dr. Snow 1854: Cholera Outbreak
  • Black Lung: Does not occur in adequately ventilated mines
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2
Q

When did social medicine or public health emerge?

A
  • mid-19th century
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3
Q

What did the emergence of public health establish?

A
  • Clear link between disease and poor living conditions
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4
Q

What is epidemiology?

A
  • Study of patterns of disease in the population
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5
Q

What is the first example of epidemiology?

A
  • Difference in mortality rates between laborers and professionals
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6
Q

What were most industrialized countries doing in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s to reduce infectious disease?

A
  • Focused on improving sanitation
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7
Q

When was the Canadian Department of Health established? By who?

A

When
- 1919
Who
- Prime Minister Borden

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8
Q

What was the Canadian Department of Health originally created to address?

A
  • Quarantines
  • Food and Drug Standards
  • Promote ‘Child Welfare’
  • Campaigns against the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
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9
Q

What happened when rates of mortality due to infection and issues of sanitation dropped?

A
  • New sources of mortality were largely behavioural
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10
Q

What ‘Risky Behaviours’ became the primary targets of health education?

A
  • Smoking
  • Sedentary Lifestyles
  • Eating Habits
  • Etc.
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11
Q

How does WHO describe Health Education?

A
  • Conscious opportunities for learning through communication, designed to improve health literacy.
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12
Q

What kind of things does WHO say are included in Health Education?

A
  • Improving Knowledge
  • Developing life skills
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13
Q

When was the era of Health Education?

A
  • Pre 1974
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14
Q

What was the era of health education characterized by?

A
  • Increase research into health behaviors
  • Creation of educational campaigns
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15
Q

Where and when was the Health Belief Model developed?

A
  • Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1950s
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16
Q

When was the rise of health promotion?

A

1974-1994

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17
Q

What lead to the rise of health promotion?

A
  • Increasingly obvious that health education was not having desired effects
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18
Q

What lead researchers to believe that health education was not having desired effects?

A
  • Individuals better informed but did not adopt healthful behaviours
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19
Q

What does the focus shift to during the health promotion era?

A
  • Changing behaviours rather than simply educating behaviours
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20
Q

What was the Lalonde Report Titled?

A
  • A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians
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21
Q

When was the Lalonde Report published?

A

1974

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22
Q

What is unique about the Lalonde Report?

A
  • First Document by government of major developed country to advocate for investing in services beyond health care to improve health of population
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23
Q

What did the Lalonde Report provide context for?

A
  • Alma-ata (1978) conference co-sponsored by WHO and UNICEF
24
Q

What did delegates of the Lalonde Report propose?

A
  • Countries stop investing in costly acute care
  • Return to ‘primary health care’
25
Q

Despite the holistic nature of the health field model, what did the report still focus on?

A
  • Individual element of health
  • “Self-imposed risks”
  • “Individual blame must be accepted…”
26
Q

What are the Elements of the Health Field Concept?

A
  • Human Biology
  • Environment (physical & social)
  • Lifestyle
  • Health Care Organization
27
Q

When was the Golden Era of Health Promotion?

A

1974-1994

28
Q

What did the World Health Assembly of WHO vote for in 1979?

A
  • A set of measures in keeping with the Lalonde Report and Alma-Ata Declaration
29
Q

What did the World Health Assembly of WHO endorse in 1979?

A
  • A global strategy for Health for All by Year 2000
30
Q

What happened following the Lalonde Report?

A
  • Despite global attention, limited change
31
Q

What were some growing concerns within the health education field following the Lalonde Report?

A
  • Providing information and focusing on individual change can lead to ‘victim blaming’
32
Q

What is the Health Promotion Directorate? When was it introduced?

A

1978 - First bureaucratic structure devoted to health promotion in the world

33
Q

When does the International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa happen? Who organized it?

A

1986 - WHO

34
Q

How does the Ottawa Charter describe Health Education?

A
  • Individually focused health behaviours
35
Q

How does the Ottawa Charter describe Health Promotion?

A
  • Ecological
  • Multi-level models that encompass entire ‘health field’
36
Q

Describe Health Promotion

A
  • Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
37
Q

Example of Health Promotion

A
  • “Make the healthiest choice the easiest choice”
38
Q

Explain Health Promotion as a Specialized Field of Practice

A
  • Focus on planned change of lifestyle and life conditions having an impact on health using a variety of strategies
39
Q

What strategies are used for health promotion as a specialized field of practice?

A
  • Health Education
  • Social Marketing
  • Mass Communication
  • Political Action
  • Community Organization
  • Organizational Development
40
Q

What did the Ottawa Charter identify as prerequisites for good health?

A
  • Peace
  • Shelter
  • Education
  • Food
  • Income
  • Stable Eco-system
  • Sustainable Resources
  • Social Justice and Equity
41
Q

What are the Three Basic Health Promotion Strategies?

A
  • Enable
  • Mediate
  • Advocate
42
Q

Explain the reasoning behind the ‘Enable’ Basic Strategy of Health Promotion

A
  • People cannot achieve their fullest health unless they have control over things that determine their health
43
Q

Explain the ‘Enable’ Basic Health Strategy

A

Ensure Equal:
- Opportunity
- Access to resources

44
Q

Explain the reasoning behind the ‘Mediate’ Basic Health Promotion Strategy

A
  • The prerequisites for health cannot be addressed by the health sector alone
45
Q

Explain the ‘Mediate’ Basic Health Promotion Strategy

A

Demand Coordinated Action by:
- Governments
- Health/Social/Economic Sectors
- Nongovernmental Organization
- Voluntary Organizations
- Local Authorities
- Media
- Industry

46
Q

Explain the reasoning for the ‘Advocate’ Basic Health Promotion Strategies

A
  • Health promotion action advocates for favourable conditions (making the best choice the easiest choice)
47
Q

Explain the ‘Advocate’ Basic Health Promotion Strategy

A

Includes Action on Factors that are:
- Political
- Economic
- Social
- Cultural
- Environmental
- Behavioural
- Biological

48
Q

What are the 5 Key Action Areas for Health Promotion?

A
  • Build Healthy Public Policy
  • Create Supportive Environments
  • Strengthen Community Action
  • Develop Personal Skills
  • Reorient Health Services
49
Q

How does health promotion help build healthy public policy?

A

Health promotion looks for coordinate approaches to:
- Legislation
- Fiscal Measures
- Taxation
- Organizational Change

50
Q

How does Health Promotion Create Supportive Environments?

A

Work and Leisure should be a source of health for people:
- Organize to create a healthy society
- Care for nature environment
- Create conditions that are safe, satisfying, enjoyable

51
Q

How does health promotion strengthen community actions?

A

Empowerment of communities:
- Ownership and control of endeavours
- Draw on existing human and material resources in community
- Support public participation in health matters

52
Q

Explain how Health Promotion Develops personal skills

A

Supports personal and social development:
- Providing info and education for health
- Increasing options available to people to have more control over their health
- Enabling people to cope with illness and injuries

53
Q

Explain how Health Promotion Reorient Health Services

A

Health sector moves beyond providing clinical and curative services:
- Open channels between sectors
- Support needs of individuals and communities for healthier lives
- Refocus on the total needs of the whole person

54
Q

What kind of shift does health promotion signify?

A
  • From understanding health to understanding how to influence health
55
Q
A

Kin - 464 (24 decks)

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