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Stage 4: CSIM 2 > Week 5: Dyslipidaemias > Flashcards

Week 5: Dyslipidaemias Flashcards

1
Q

What is a normal cholesterol level

A

3.5-5.5 mmol/L

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2
Q

Non-adaptable risk factors for high cholesterol

A
  • Age, sex
  • Ethnicity
  • Age at menopause
  • Family history: CVD, age at first event
  • Certain conditions which may secondarily increase cholesterol
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3
Q

Adaptable risk factors for high cholesterol

A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • Exercise
  • Diet
  • Medication
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4
Q

What types of neuro medication can affect lipid levels

A
  • Antiepileptics

* Atypical antipsychotics

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5
Q

What types of cardiac medication can affect lipid levels

A

Beta blockers

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6
Q

What immunosuppressant drugs can affect lipid levels

A
  • Corticosteroids

- Ciclosporins

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7
Q

What hormonal drugs can affect lipid levels

A
  • Androgens

- Oestrogens

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8
Q

Which are the major lipoproteins involved in creating atherosclerosis

A
  • Chylomicron remnants (RLP)
  • IDL
  • LPL
  • Lipoprotein A
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9
Q

What is a non-cholesterol related reason for high triglycerides

A

Alcohol

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10
Q

Which lipoprotein measurement is a good marker for risk of pancreatitis

A

Triglyceride

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11
Q

Why is measuring non-HDL-C more convenient than measuring LDL-C

A

LDL-C requires fasting (to ensure no chylomicrons/ chylomicron remnants)

Non-HDL-C is not affected by fasting/ eating

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12
Q

What are the 5 components of metabolic syndrome

A
  1. Insulin resistance
  2. Central obesity
  3. Hypertension
  4. High triglycerides
  5. Low HDL
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13
Q

Diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia in a pt

A 
•	Total cholesterol conc >7.5 OR
•	LDL >4.9
AND
•	Tendon xanthomas in pt/ FDR/SDR   OR
•	Proven mutation in LDLR/ ApoB100/ PCSK9
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14
Q

What QRISK2 score indicates that a pt should be started on statins

A

> 10% risk

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15
Q

What is the treatment aim when starting a patient on a statin

A

Reduce non-HDL cholesterol by 40%

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16
Q

List some common sites for deposition of cholesterol

A
  1. Around cornea
  2. Under eyes
  3. Tendons (usually bilateral deposition)
  4. Knees, elbows
  5. Buttocks, calves
  6. Palms
17
Q

How does smoking cause high cholesterol

A

Increases LDL,

Decreases HDL

18
Q

How does alcohol cause high cholesterol

A

Increases total cholesterol and triglyceride levels

19
Q

How do hormone inbalances cause high cholesterol

  • thyroid
  • growth hormone
  • androgens
A

Low thyroid hormone, low androgens, low growth hormones all lead to high LDL

20
Q

HPB effects of high cholesterol

A
  • pancreatitis

- gallstones

21
Q

What does the QRISK2 score calculate

A

Risk of developing CVD over next 10 years

22
Q

In which people is it not appropriate to use QRISK2

A
  1. inherited lipid metabolism disorders
  2. Pre-existing CVD
  3. T1DM
  4. CKD
  5. > 85yo
23
Q

Where are eruptive xanthomas normally located

A

Elbows
Knee
Buttocks Calves

24
Q

Tendon xanthomas are associated with what condition

A

Heterozygous hyperCHOLESTEROLaemia

25
Q

Eruptive xanthomas on elbows and knees + palmar xanthomas are associated with what condition

A

Remnant hyperLIPIDaemia

26
Q

Eruptive xanthomas on buttocks and calves are associated with what 2 conditions

A
  1. Familial hyperTRIGLYCERIDaemia

2. Lipoprotein lipase + Apo C2 deficiency

27
Q

Aortic stenosis is associated with what condition

A

Homozygous hyperCHOLESTEROLaemia

28
Q

What does milky plasma mean

A

A lot of chylomicrons

29
Q

Genetics of primary hyperCHOLESTEROLaemia

A

Autosomal codominant

30
Q

ApoE mutation is associated with what

A

Remnant hyperLIPIDaemia

31
Q

ApoB100/ PCSK9/ LDLR mutation is associated with what

A

Familial hyperCHOLESTEROLaemia

32
Q

End organ effects of high cholesterol

  • HPB
  • heart
  • brain
A
  1. Pancreatitis
  2. Gallstones (made of cholesterol)
  3. Angina, MI
  4. Stroke
  5. Increased formation of beta-amyloid plaques (increased risk of Alzheimer’s)

Stage 4: CSIM 2 (47 decks)

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