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Stage 4: CSIM 2 > Week 2: Cancer > Flashcards

Week 2: Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between hypertrophy vs hyperplasia

A

Hypertrophy: cells get BIGGER
Hyperplasia: MORE cells

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2
Q

Difference between metaplasia vs dysplasia

A

Metaplasia: replacing 1 fully differentiated tissue by other

Dysplasia: Pre-cancerous architectural changes in cell

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3
Q

Is metaplasia/dysplasia reversible

A

Yes. Both are reversible

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4
Q

What epithelium change occurs in Barrett’s oesophagus

A

Normal squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar

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5
Q

What 7 types of cancers are particularly associated with smoking

A
  1. Lung
  2. Oropharyngeal
  3. Oesophageal
  4. Kidney
  5. Bladder
  6. Cervical
  7. Breast
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6
Q

What cancer is associated with arsenic

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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7
Q

What cancer is associated with asbestos

A

Mesothelioma

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8
Q

How do chemicals/ occupational hazards lead to cancer

A
  1. INITIATION: single exposure to carcinogen
  2. PROMOTION: replication of damaged cell (usually due to multiple exposures)
  3. PROGRESSION: multiple irreversible complex DNA changes eg changing chromosomes, cell morphology
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9
Q

How does ionising radiation lead to cancer?

Which cancer type

A

Very high energy displaces electrons and disrupts DNA

Quick-replicating tissues are particularly susceptible (breast, thyroid, bone marrow)

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10
Q

How does non-ionising radiation lead to cancer?

Which cancer type

A

Less energy compared to ionising radiation.
Still excites electrons and causes change in tissue

eg UV from sun

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11
Q

Which virus(es) are associated with

  • Kaposi’s sarcoma
  • Castleman’s syndrome
A

HH8

with a previous HIV infection

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12
Q

Which virus(es) are associated with cervical cancer

A

HPV 16 and 18

and 31 and 45

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13
Q

Which virus(es) are associated with

  • Burkitt’s lymphoma
  • Hogkin’s lymphoma
A

EBV

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14
Q

Which cancer can malaria pre-dispose to

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

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15
Q

Which cancers can schistosomiasis pre-dispose to

A

Bladder
Colon
HCC
Lymphoreticular

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16
Q

Which cancers does the combined OCP reduce risk of

A

Ovarian and Endometrial

17
Q

Why does combined OCP not reduce the risk of breast cancer

A

Combined OCP is used at a time in life when oestrogen is naturally present

18
Q

What 4 types of cancers are particularly associated with alcohol

A
  1. Liver
  2. GI
  3. Breast
  4. Ovarian
19
Q

Most significant risk factor in development of cancer

A

Diet

20
Q

Function of BRCA and PARP1 in cell

A

BRCA: repairs double stranded mistakes in DNA replication

PARP1: repairs single stranded mistakes in DNA replication

21
Q

MoA of PARP1 inhibitors

A

Breast cancer drug

Inhibits division of cancer cells (because BRCA not working and PARP1 inhibited)

22
Q

MoA of monoclonal Ab (eg Herceptin)

A

Ab are too big to cross cell membrane ->
bind to extracellular part of TK receptor and block it ->
no signal transduction

23
Q

MoA of tyrosine kinase inhibitors

A

Block ATP binding site within cell ->
tyrosine residues are not phosphorylated ->
No second messenger response

24
Q

Advantage of tyrosine kinase inhibitors over monoclonal Ab

A

Some cancers have mutated EGFR which can self-dimerise (in absence of stimulus)

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors can stop mutated EGFR because even if they self-dimerise, late pathways are inhibited

Monoclonal Ab have no effect as EGFR will still self-dimerise

25
Q

What types of cancers involve over-expression of EGFR

A
  • lung cancer

- GI cancers

26
Q

What type of cancers involve over-expression of neu receptor

A

Neu = HER2

-breast cancer

27
Q

What type of cancers involve Tp53 mutation

A

Li Fraumeni syndrome

  • breast cancer (pre-menopausal)
  • childhood sarcoma
  • brain tumours
  • adreno-cortical carcinoma
  • leukaemia, lymphoma
28
Q

What type of cancers involve over-expression of VEGF receptor

A
  • Colon
  • Breast
  • Ovarian
29
Q

MoA of immunoconjugates

A

Bind to extracellular domain of TK receptor

  • > activates TK receptor
  • > once internalised, toxin kills cell
30
Q

MoA of antisense drugs

A

Bind to mRNA of EGFR

-> block protein synthesis of ligand/ receptor

Stage 4: CSIM 2 (47 decks)

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