Week 1: cell physiology

Question 1

4 types of signalling that occur between cells

Answer 1

1. endocrine
2. paracrine
3. autocrine
4. contact dependent signalling

Question 2

What happens in paracrine signalling

Answer 2

1 cell secretes hormone/ growth factor which as action on adjacent cell

Question 3

What happens in autocrine signalling

Answer 3

Cell secretes factor which stimulates self

Question 4

What happens in endocrine signalling

Answer 4

Cell secretes hormone which enters blood and has action on cell far away

Question 5

What is the difference between second and third messengers

Answer 5

Second: transmit message between cells

Third: transmit message from outside to inside nucleus

Question 6

Name the 4 types of signal transduction pathways

Answer 6

1. Direct Ligand gated channel
2. G protein coupled channel
3. Tyrosine kinase linked channel
4. Nuclear receptor super family

Question 7

What type of signal transduction pathways do GABA receptors have

Answer 7

Direct ligand gated

Question 8

What type of signal transduction pathways do NEUROTRANSMITTERS have

Answer 8

Direct ligand gated

Question 9

What type of signal transduction pathways do ADRENERGIC receptors have

Answer 9

G protein coupled

Question 10

What type of signal transduction pathways do the following receptors have

• NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE
• MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE

Answer 10

NICOTINIC: Direct ligand gated

MUSCARINIC: G protein coupled

Question 11

What problems in cell signalling can end up in cancer

Answer 11

1. More growth factor activation
2. More ligands/ more receptors
3. Greater response to same amount of hormone
4. Less phosphatase so cannot turn receptor off
5. Somatic mutation in cancer cell

Question 12

What 5 problems in cell signalling can end up in cancer

Answer 12

1. More growth factor activation
2. More ligands/ more receptors
3. Greater response to same amount of hormone
4. Less phosphatase so cannot turn receptor off
5. Somatic mutation in cancer cell

Question 13

How do monoclonal antibodies work as drugs

Answer 13

Bind to extracellular domain of EGFR ->

Block binding of growth factors

Question 14

How do tyrosine kinase inhibitors work as drugs

Answer 14

Bind to intracellular tyrosine kinase domain ->
Block ATP from binding ->
Inhibits tyrosine from autophosphorylating and downstream signalling

Question 15

How do immunoconjugates work as drugs

Answer 15

Bind to extracellular tyrosine kinase domain ->

Activates receptor

Question 16

Give examples of organs with tight junctions (continuous epithelium)

Answer 16

• muscle
• skin
• lung
• CNS

Question 17

Give examples of organs with fenestrated epithelium

Answer 17

• kidneys
• intestine
• exocrine glands eg thyroid

Question 18

Give examples of organs with leaky junctions (discontinuous epithelium)

Answer 18

• liver
• spleen
• bone marrow

Question 19

Which part of the joint is inflamed in rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 19

Synovial lining

Question 20

What type of receptor is an insulin receptor

Answer 20

Tyrosine kinase receptor

Question 21

What type of receptor is an oestrogen receptor

Answer 21

Intracellular receptor

all steroid hormones have intracellular receptors