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PHysiology Bi211 > Week 5 Day 1 Carbohydrates, Mouth to anus, Carbs, Proteins, Fats, Gi regulation > Flashcards

Week 5 Day 1 Carbohydrates, Mouth to anus, Carbs, Proteins, Fats, Gi regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What does the latin root “entero” mean?

A

entero means that the phrase pertains to the GI tract

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2
Q

What does the suffix “ase” mean?

A

Ase means that it pertains to an enzyme

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3
Q

What are the 3 accessory organ donators?

A

pancreas, liver, Galbladder

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4
Q

What type of molecule do we eat and then try to absorb?

A

We eat polymers/macromolecules and try to absorb monomers

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5
Q

What is a dimer? Give an example from class?

A

A dimer is 2 monomers held together.

2 lactoses binded together

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6
Q

Describe the process of hydrolysis? Can it break up fats? Describe the process of how it relates to monomers and dimers?

A
  • Hydrolysis is the process of breaking up a bond with water.
  • can’t break up fats
  • dimer —> monomer
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7
Q

Describe the process of dehydration as it pertains to monomers and dimers.

A

-Monomers —> Dimers (2 monomers)

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8
Q

What are the two types of digestion? What are sole functions of each digestion type.

A

Mechanical & chemical

  • Mechanical (chewing, mixing, churning) is used to increase surface area
  • Chemical uses enzymes to reduce polymers to monomers for absorption.
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9
Q

What are the two types of mechanical digestion (motility)? Describe where each type occurs in the body?

A

Peristalsis (contraction wave) & segmentation (segmented contractions)

-Peristalsis occurs in the esophagus and segmentation occurs in the small intestine

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10
Q

Name 3 monomers

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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11
Q

When nutrients come from the lumen, which 2 places will the nutrients go to?

A

The intestinal epithelial cell & interstitial fluid

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12
Q

Are the transport of monomers active or passive? If so, why?

A

The transportation of monomers are almost always active.

since simple diffusion is too slow

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13
Q

What do intestinal villi, microvilli, and circular folds do?

A

They increase surface area and help absorb nutrients.

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14
Q

In the small intestine, what does the capillary network do?

A

The capillary network transports nutrients to blood.

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15
Q

In the small intestine, what does the lacteal do?

A

it helps drains all the fats.

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16
Q

On the small intestine, what does the enteroendocrine cells do?

A

They secrete hormones

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17
Q

What absorbs water most? The small intestine or large intestine?

A

Small intestine

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18
Q

Anatomically, what happens to your body when Cholera occurs?

A

When the small intestine cannot absorb water.

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19
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

Bile salts break down large fat globules

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20
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

It stores bile salts which help break down fats

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21
Q

What is Celiac disease?

A

Celiac disease is a lack of bile salts which leads to malabsorption

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22
Q

Where can salivary amylase and lingual lipase be found? What are their individual functions

A

Both can be found in the saliva.

  • Amylase is used in breaking down starch
  • Lingual lipase breaks down fats
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23
Q

In saliva, what does Bicarbonate do?

A

Neutralize acid

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24
Q

In saliva, what does proline-rich glycoprotein mucins do?

A

They lubricate/soften the food

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25
Q

In saliva, what do Lysozme and Histatins do?

A

Lysozme are anti bacterial and Histatins are for wound healing

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26
Q

Where are the sphincters on the Esophagus?

A

There’s an upper and lower esophageal sphincter.

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27
Q

What’s the difference between skeletal and smooth muscle sphincters

A

You can control the skeletal sphincter but not the smooth muscle sphincter

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28
Q

Are sphincters always relaxed or contracted?

A

Almost always contracted

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29
Q

What do we specifically vomit? What is it made up of?

A

Chyme

-food+stomach secretions

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30
Q

Where does most motility occur in the GI tract?

A

Stomach

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31
Q

Name 5 gastric chemicals

A

Pepsinogen, HCL, Mucus, Intrinsic factor, Gastrin

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32
Q

For gastric chemicals, what does pepsinogen do?

A

Pepsinogen, an enzyme, converts into pepsin which helps break up peptides/proteins

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33
Q

For gastric chemicals, what does HCL do? What other gastric chemical does it help activate?

A

Breaks up proteins

-helps activate pepsinogen

34
Q

For gastric chemicals, what does intrinsic factor do?

A

Binds to vitamin B-12 (erythropoiesis) which allows it to be absorbed to the small intestine

35
Q

For gastric chemicals, what does Gastrin do?

A

A hormone that stimulates acid secretion and intestinal motility

36
Q

In the stomach lumen, it contains a Gastric pit. What are the types of gastric pit cells that the professor mentioned? What are their functions

A
  • Parietal cells (acid, intrinsic factor secretion)
  • ECL cell (histamine secretion)
  • Chief cells (pepsinogen secretion)
37
Q

What do D cells do?

A

There are somatostatin which inhibits growth hormone

38
Q

What do G cells do?

A

Secretes Gastrin that regulate motility

39
Q

What’s the relationship between H+ and Bicarbonate?

A

Bicarbonate acts as a H+ buffer. Therefore, it regulates PH

40
Q

In conjunction to CO2 transport, what are 2 ways of maintaining PH?

A

-Breathing & Kidneys

41
Q

What are the 3 food phases? And what is the result of HCl secretion

A

Cephalic phase- increase in HCL secretion
Gastric phase- Increase in HCL secretion
Intestinal phase- Decrease in HCL secretion

42
Q

how sphincters does the stomach have?

A

2 smooth muscle sphincters

43
Q

What is heartburn?

A

When excess acid eats away at the lower esophageal sphincter in the stomach.

44
Q

What are ulcers? What is a common bacteria that causes it.

A

Bacterial infection in the stomach lining

-H. Pylori

45
Q

Is the duodenal part of the stomach or small intestine

A

Small intestine

46
Q

What does the pancreas add to the mix of digestion?

A

Bicarbonate

47
Q

What is the main purpose of the hepatic portal vein between the small liver and liver?

A

It recycles bile

48
Q

On the pancreatic duct there are 3 different types of cells. What are they and when are relevant

A
  • Exocrine cell- secrete enzymes (occurs during digestion)
  • Endocrine cells (occurs during metabolism)
  • duct cells secrete bicarbonate
49
Q

What are the functions of the Large intestine?

A
  • Absorb water (less than small intestine) & ion gradients

- compact feces

50
Q

Describe mass movement as it pertains to the large intestine.

A

Mass movement occurs 3-4 times a day when we eat.

51
Q

What is the Valsalva maneuver?

A

When we contract or abdominal muscles to increase pressure from thorax and poop.

52
Q

What enzyme breaks maltose?

A

Maltase

53
Q

What enzyme breaks down sucrose?

A

Sucrase

54
Q

What does it mean when we hear lactose (glucose & galactose) intolerance

A

It means there is not enough of the enzyme lactase

55
Q

Where is glucose stored and where is that stored in the body?

A

Glucose is stored in glycogen which is stored in skeletal muscles and liver

56
Q

Can the body digest cellulose (fiber)

A

The body cannot digest cellulose but the gut bacteria can partially metabolize

57
Q

What classification does polysaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides fit into?

A

they are all carbohydrates

58
Q

What are brush border enzymes?

A

Carbohydrate enzymes that are made by the intestinal epithelial cell which help break down disaccharides

59
Q

What are GLUTS? And what do they transport to where?

A

GLUTS are glucose transporter proteins (facilitated diffusion). They bring glucose and fructose from lumen into epithelial cell. AND they bring nutrients from epithelial cell to interstitial fluid

60
Q

What are SGLTS? What do they transport and where?

A

Sodium glucose transporters

-they transport glucose and galactose from lumen into epithelial cell

61
Q

What is the difference between HFCS vs sucrose?

A

HFCS has a higher percentage of fructose which increases your appetite

62
Q

Which essential amino acids can only adults make (nots kids)

A

Arginine

63
Q

Where does the protein enzyme pepsin come from?

A

The stomach

64
Q

Where doesa the protein enzyme trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase come from?

A

Comes from the pancreas

65
Q

How does Gluten exposure related to Celiac disease?

A

If someone has celiac disease, which is malabsorption of all monomers, gluten exposure can lead to inflammation of SI lining.

66
Q

What is the difference between fats and Carbs & protein regarding polarity. How does this polarity affect how enzymes break it down (mainly fats)?

A

Fats are hydrophobic and carbs/proteins are hydrophillic.
-Because fats are hydrophobic, they clump together making it harder for enzymes to get into the interior and break it down.

67
Q

What are lingual lipase, gastric lipase and pancreatic lipase for? Where does each come from?

A

All these lipase are for fat digestion.

  • Lingual lipase comes from mouth & stomach
  • gastric lipase comes from stomach
  • pancreatic lipase comes from pancreas but does most digestion in small intestine
68
Q

Why is peristalsis important for fats?

A

Because it helps break apart the fats to increase surface area.

69
Q

What is the function of emulsification mean? What does it do to surface area? What does it do with fats and water?

A

The function of emulsification is to prevent fats from aggregating.

  • increases surface area
  • Helps fat and water mix
70
Q

How does bile salts and emulsifier relate to each other? Where are they produced and dumped

A

Emulsifiers are the function of bile salts.

-They are produced in the liver and dumped into the small intestine.

71
Q

When are micelles formed?

A

Micelles are formed when bile salts surround fat droplets.

72
Q

When bile salts form micelles, what do they attract? What does those molecules help with?

A

Lipase & Colipase (helps with chemical digestion)

73
Q

How do fatty acids & monoglycerides cross into the intestinal epithelial cell space?

A

Via diffusion

74
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lacteals are lymphatic vessels and chylomicrons go into in the interstitial space.

75
Q

What is the main hallmark of the Paleo(lithic) diet?

A

Consuming natural sources of vitamins and minerals

76
Q

Describe the ketogenic diet?

How does this relate to ketosis

A

Increase in fat intake so that that your body undergoes ketosis when the liver burns more fats because there’s a drop in blood glucose.

77
Q

how can the keto(genic) diet help children with seizures?

A

Glucose is required for seizures to occur. By putting them on a keto diet, they don’t have any glucose.

78
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

The enteric nervous system is part of the PNS and controls gastrointestinal behavior.

79
Q

In the enteric nervous system, where can you find cell bodies? What does this allow for?

A

Submucosal plexus & myenteric plexus

-This allows for local reflexes rather than involving the CNS

80
Q

In the enteric nervous system, how do short reflexes differ from long reflexes?

A

Short reflexes do not go to CNS and instead go straight to the Nerve plexus.
Long reflex involves CNS

81
Q

For the enteric nervous system, which side does the enteroendocrine cells release hormones?

A

Hormones are released on the blood side (apacal).

82
Q

Why are lipids absorbed into the lymph system?

A

Because the lipids are too big to go through capillaries.

PHysiology Bi211 (12 decks)

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