Week 5 Day 1 Carbohydrates, Mouth to anus, Carbs, Proteins, Fats, Gi regulation

Question 1

What does the latin root “entero” mean?

Answer 1

entero means that the phrase pertains to the GI tract

Question 2

What does the suffix “ase” mean?

Answer 2

Ase means that it pertains to an enzyme

Question 3

What are the 3 accessory organ donators?

Answer 3

pancreas, liver, Galbladder

Question 4

What type of molecule do we eat and then try to absorb?

Answer 4

We eat polymers/macromolecules and try to absorb monomers

Question 5

What is a dimer? Give an example from class?

Answer 5

A dimer is 2 monomers held together.

2 lactoses binded together

Question 6

Describe the process of hydrolysis? Can it break up fats? Describe the process of how it relates to monomers and dimers?

Answer 6

• Hydrolysis is the process of breaking up a bond with water.
• can’t break up fats
• dimer —> monomer

Question 7

Describe the process of dehydration as it pertains to monomers and dimers.

Answer 7

-Monomers —> Dimers (2 monomers)

Question 8

What are the two types of digestion? What are sole functions of each digestion type.

Answer 8

Mechanical & chemical

• Mechanical (chewing, mixing, churning) is used to increase surface area
• Chemical uses enzymes to reduce polymers to monomers for absorption.

Question 9

What are the two types of mechanical digestion (motility)? Describe where each type occurs in the body?

Answer 9

Peristalsis (contraction wave) & segmentation (segmented contractions)

-Peristalsis occurs in the esophagus and segmentation occurs in the small intestine

Question 10

Name 3 monomers

Answer 10

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 11

When nutrients come from the lumen, which 2 places will the nutrients go to?

Answer 11

The intestinal epithelial cell & interstitial fluid

Question 12

Are the transport of monomers active or passive? If so, why?

Answer 12

The transportation of monomers are almost always active.

since simple diffusion is too slow

Question 13

What do intestinal villi, microvilli, and circular folds do?

Answer 13

They increase surface area and help absorb nutrients.

Question 14

In the small intestine, what does the capillary network do?

Answer 14

The capillary network transports nutrients to blood.

Question 15

In the small intestine, what does the lacteal do?

Answer 15

it helps drains all the fats.

Question 16

On the small intestine, what does the enteroendocrine cells do?

Answer 16

They secrete hormones

Question 17

What absorbs water most? The small intestine or large intestine?

Answer 17

Small intestine

Question 18

Anatomically, what happens to your body when Cholera occurs?

Answer 18

When the small intestine cannot absorb water.

Question 19

What do bile salts do?

Answer 19

Bile salts break down large fat globules

Question 20

What does the gallbladder do?

Answer 20

It stores bile salts which help break down fats

Question 21

What is Celiac disease?

Answer 21

Celiac disease is a lack of bile salts which leads to malabsorption

Question 22

Where can salivary amylase and lingual lipase be found? What are their individual functions

Answer 22

Both can be found in the saliva.

• Amylase is used in breaking down starch
• Lingual lipase breaks down fats

Question 23

In saliva, what does Bicarbonate do?

Answer 23

Neutralize acid

Question 24

In saliva, what does proline-rich glycoprotein mucins do?

Answer 24

They lubricate/soften the food

Question 25

In saliva, what do Lysozme and Histatins do?

Answer 25

Lysozme are anti bacterial and Histatins are for wound healing

Question 26

Where are the sphincters on the Esophagus?

Answer 26

There’s an upper and lower esophageal sphincter.

Question 27

What’s the difference between skeletal and smooth muscle sphincters

Answer 27

You can control the skeletal sphincter but not the smooth muscle sphincter

Question 28

Are sphincters always relaxed or contracted?

Answer 28

Almost always contracted

Question 29

What do we specifically vomit? What is it made up of?

Answer 29

Chyme -food+stomach secretions

Question 30

Where does most motility occur in the GI tract?

Answer 30

Stomach

Question 31

Name 5 gastric chemicals

Answer 31

Pepsinogen, HCL, Mucus, Intrinsic factor, Gastrin

Question 32

For gastric chemicals, what does pepsinogen do?

Answer 32

Pepsinogen, an enzyme, converts into pepsin which helps break up peptides/proteins

Question 33

For gastric chemicals, what does HCL do? What other gastric chemical does it help activate?

Answer 33

Breaks up proteins -helps activate pepsinogen

Question 34

For gastric chemicals, what does intrinsic factor do?

Answer 34

Binds to vitamin B-12 (erythropoiesis) which allows it to be absorbed to the small intestine

Question 35

For gastric chemicals, what does Gastrin do?

Answer 35

A hormone that stimulates acid secretion and intestinal motility

Question 36

In the stomach lumen, it contains a Gastric pit. What are the types of gastric pit cells that the professor mentioned? What are their functions

Answer 36

- Parietal cells (acid, intrinsic factor secretion) - ECL cell (histamine secretion) - Chief cells (pepsinogen secretion)

Question 37

What do D cells do?

Answer 37

There are somatostatin which inhibits growth hormone

Question 38

What do G cells do?

Answer 38

Secretes Gastrin that regulate motility

Question 39

What’s the relationship between H+ and Bicarbonate?

Answer 39

Bicarbonate acts as a H+ buffer. Therefore, it regulates PH

Question 40

In conjunction to CO2 transport, what are 2 ways of maintaining PH?

Answer 40

-Breathing & Kidneys

Question 41

What are the 3 food phases? And what is the result of HCl secretion

Answer 41

Cephalic phase- increase in HCL secretion Gastric phase- Increase in HCL secretion Intestinal phase- Decrease in HCL secretion

Question 42

how sphincters does the stomach have?

Answer 42

2 smooth muscle sphincters

Question 43

What is heartburn?

Answer 43

When excess acid eats away at the lower esophageal sphincter in the stomach.

Question 44

What are ulcers? What is a common bacteria that causes it.

Answer 44

Bacterial infection in the stomach lining | -H. Pylori

Question 45

Is the duodenal part of the stomach or small intestine

Answer 45

Small intestine

Question 46

What does the pancreas add to the mix of digestion?

Answer 46

Bicarbonate

Question 47

What is the main purpose of the hepatic portal vein between the small liver and liver?

Answer 47

It recycles bile

Question 48

On the pancreatic duct there are 3 different types of cells. What are they and when are relevant

Answer 48

- Exocrine cell- secrete enzymes (occurs during digestion) - Endocrine cells (occurs during metabolism) - duct cells secrete bicarbonate

Question 49

What are the functions of the Large intestine?

Answer 49

- Absorb water (less than small intestine) & ion gradients | - compact feces

Question 50

Describe mass movement as it pertains to the large intestine.

Answer 50

Mass movement occurs 3-4 times a day when we eat.

Question 51

What is the Valsalva maneuver?

Answer 51

When we contract or abdominal muscles to increase pressure from thorax and poop.

Question 52

What enzyme breaks maltose?

Answer 52

Maltase

Question 53

What enzyme breaks down sucrose?

Answer 53

Sucrase

Question 54

What does it mean when we hear lactose (glucose & galactose) intolerance

Answer 54

It means there is not enough of the enzyme lactase

Question 55

Where is glucose stored and where is that stored in the body?

Answer 55

Glucose is stored in glycogen which is stored in skeletal muscles and liver

Question 56

Can the body digest cellulose (fiber)

Answer 56

The body cannot digest cellulose but the gut bacteria can partially metabolize

Question 57

What classification does polysaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides fit into?

Answer 57

they are all carbohydrates

Question 58

What are brush border enzymes?

Answer 58

Carbohydrate enzymes that are made by the intestinal epithelial cell which help break down disaccharides

Question 59

What are GLUTS? And what do they transport to where?

Answer 59

GLUTS are glucose transporter proteins (facilitated diffusion). They bring glucose and fructose from lumen into epithelial cell. AND they bring nutrients from epithelial cell to interstitial fluid

Question 60

What are SGLTS? What do they transport and where?

Answer 60

Sodium glucose transporters | -they transport glucose and galactose from lumen into epithelial cell

Question 61

What is the difference between HFCS vs sucrose?

Answer 61

HFCS has a higher percentage of fructose which increases your appetite

Question 62

Which essential amino acids can only adults make (nots kids)

Answer 62

Arginine

Question 63

Where does the protein enzyme pepsin come from?

Answer 63

The stomach

Question 64

Where doesa the protein enzyme trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase come from?

Answer 64

Comes from the pancreas

Question 65

How does Gluten exposure related to Celiac disease?

Answer 65

If someone has celiac disease, which is malabsorption of all monomers, gluten exposure can lead to inflammation of SI lining.

Question 66

What is the difference between fats and Carbs & protein regarding polarity. How does this polarity affect how enzymes break it down (mainly fats)?

Answer 66

Fats are hydrophobic and carbs/proteins are hydrophillic. -Because fats are hydrophobic, they clump together making it harder for enzymes to get into the interior and break it down.

Question 67

What are lingual lipase, gastric lipase and pancreatic lipase for? Where does each come from?

Answer 67

All these lipase are for fat digestion. - Lingual lipase comes from mouth & stomach - gastric lipase comes from stomach - pancreatic lipase comes from pancreas but does most digestion in small intestine

Question 68

Why is peristalsis important for fats?

Answer 68

Because it helps break apart the fats to increase surface area.

Question 69

What is the function of emulsification mean? What does it do to surface area? What does it do with fats and water?

Answer 69

The function of emulsification is to prevent fats from aggregating. - increases surface area - Helps fat and water mix

Question 70

How does bile salts and emulsifier relate to each other? Where are they produced and dumped

Answer 70

Emulsifiers are the function of bile salts. -They are produced in the liver and dumped into the small intestine.

Question 71

When are micelles formed?

Answer 71

Micelles are formed when bile salts surround fat droplets.

Question 72

When bile salts form micelles, what do they attract? What does those molecules help with?

Answer 72

Lipase & Colipase (helps with chemical digestion)

Question 73

How do fatty acids & monoglycerides cross into the intestinal epithelial cell space?

Answer 73

Via diffusion

Question 74

What are lacteals?

Answer 74

Lacteals are lymphatic vessels and chylomicrons go into in the interstitial space.

Question 75

What is the main hallmark of the Paleo(lithic) diet?

Answer 75

Consuming natural sources of vitamins and minerals

Question 76

Describe the ketogenic diet? | How does this relate to ketosis

Answer 76

Increase in fat intake so that that your body undergoes ketosis when the liver burns more fats because there’s a drop in blood glucose.

Question 77

how can the keto(genic) diet help children with seizures?

Answer 77

Glucose is required for seizures to occur. By putting them on a keto diet, they don’t have any glucose.

Question 78

What is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 78

The enteric nervous system is part of the PNS and controls gastrointestinal behavior.

Question 79

In the enteric nervous system, where can you find cell bodies? What does this allow for?

Answer 79

Submucosal plexus & myenteric plexus | -This allows for local reflexes rather than involving the CNS

Question 80

In the enteric nervous system, how do short reflexes differ from long reflexes?

Answer 80

Short reflexes do not go to CNS and instead go straight to the Nerve plexus. Long reflex involves CNS

Question 81

For the enteric nervous system, which side does the enteroendocrine cells release hormones?

Answer 81

Hormones are released on the blood side (apacal).

Question 82

Why are lipids absorbed into the lymph system?

Answer 82

Because the lipids are too big to go through capillaries.