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PHysiology Bi211 > Week 4 Day 3 Vascular Flow, Blood pressure, Changing flow, homeostatic mechanisms, Cardiovascular health > Flashcards

Week 4 Day 3 Vascular Flow, Blood pressure, Changing flow, homeostatic mechanisms, Cardiovascular health Flashcards

1
Q

Where to arteries flow into?

A

Arterioles

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2
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Greatest site of vascular resistance (narrowing diameter)

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3
Q

Where does oxygen exchange occur? What are 2 characteristics of it?

A
  • Capillaries
  • Single cell-walled exchange vessels
  • large lumen diameter relative to total vessel diameter
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4
Q

In our blood vessels, what has the highest volume of blood?

A

Venules/Veins

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5
Q

What are the 3 portal systems? Brief description of each

A
  • Hypothalamo-hypophyseal Portal system: between hth and AP
  • Hepatic Portal Vein: brings nutrients from the intestine to the liver
  • Glomerulus: filter blood in kidney
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6
Q

What is angiogenesis? When does it need to occur?

A

The grow of new blood vessels.

-in babies/children, wound healing, athletic training

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7
Q

Given a situation of a tumor, how do we inhibit the growth of blood vessels if it’s infected?

A

-Manipulate the pro angiogenic factor or cytokines there

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8
Q

When the left ventricle shoots blood, what are 3 things it need to overcome?

A
  • decrease diameter of the pipes
  • increased distance of pipes leading back to the heart
  • relative viscosity
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9
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what happens during occlude artery?

A

It’s when you cut off blood supply to the brachial artery and the pressure is above systolic pressure

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10
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what is partial occlusion and turbulent flow?

A

When the blood pressure arm band releases tension and lets blood flow through which makes sound

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11
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what is no occlusion and laminar flow?

A

When the artery is fully open

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12
Q

When examining pressure, of veins, arteries, and capillaries, what has the highest to lowest pressure?

A

Arteries, capillaries, veins

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13
Q

When you bruise or when the blood flow is too high, what happens to the capillaries?

A

they rupture

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14
Q

Why is there slower pressure in the capillaries (ignoring bernoulis)? why is that important

A

There’s lower pressure (lower velocity) in the capillaries because the diameter is smaller
-important because that’s when capillaries exchange oxygen

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15
Q

What are ways that athletic trainers can improve blood oxygen exchange efficiency?

A

By increasing the surface area of the capillaries

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16
Q

Waht is hypotension?

A

When blood pressure is too low

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17
Q

When hypotension occurs while changing body positions, what is that called? And waht occurs anatomically?

A

Orthostatic hypotension

-blood pools in lower extremities (therefore not flowing the the brain)

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18
Q

What is a normal systolic and diastolic pressure range?

A

Normal systolic is below 120

normal diastolic pressure is below 80

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19
Q

What is hypertension? What are 2 effects?

A

When blood pressure is too high

-puts stress on the vessel walls vessel rupture

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20
Q

What are the 2 categories of chronic hypertension?

A

Primary: Idiopathic (don’t know what causes it), increased resistance
Secondary: due to a known disease endocrine or renal disease

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21
Q

What is so important about elasticity? What happens to the elasticity when we age?

A

Elasticity maintains blood pressure

When we age, we loose elasticity

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22
Q

When ventricular systole occurs, what happens to the resistance of the arteries? Why does it happen?

A
  • the artery smooth muscle decrease resistance

- this happens so that blood can flow in

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23
Q

When ventricular diastole occurs, what happens to the resistance of the arteries? Why does it happen?

A

The artery smooth muscle increases resistance

-this occurs to propel the wave forward

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24
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

It’s the difference (wave) between the systolic and diastolic

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25
Q

What are the two ways BP in the veins fight gravity?

A

Skeletal muscle pump and pulmonary pump

26
Q

How does skeletal muscle pump help? When does it occur? how far will it travel

A

It helps, esp in our legs, to squeeze out the veins like toothpaste

  • occurs when you walk
  • torso
27
Q

What happens when we breath in conjunction with the pulmonary pump?

A

Pressure in the thorax decreases, therefore increasing venous return

28
Q

Generally, what is MAP closer to: Diastolic or systolic pressure. Why?

A

Diastolic

-b/c diastolic is a much longer process

29
Q

When we age, what happens to the mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

-because systolic and diastolic both decrease, the MAP stays relatively constant compared to both factors

30
Q

Do capillaries have smooth muscle?

A

Nope

31
Q

What is the quickest way to change peripheral resistance in our blood vessels?

A

-change the diameter (vasoconstrict or vasodilate)

32
Q

What are sphincters in the blood vessel capillaries? What do they help with?

A

Sphincters are small rings of smooth muscle

-they help bypass capillary areas

33
Q

Capillaries are a one cell wall and thin (so only one blood cell can move single file). What cell is this?

A

Endothelial cells

34
Q

In the capillary exchange, what happens during bulk flow of liquid? What needs to be maintained

A

Plasma leaves the capillary and enters the ECF

-pressure on both sides need to be maintained

35
Q

When plasma leave the blood vessel and goes into the interstitial fluid, what is this called?

A

Filtration

36
Q

When interstitial fluid go into the plasma, what is this called?

A

Absorption

37
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure as it pertains to blood vessels?

A

There is a greater pressure inside the capillaries than outside forces fluid out

38
Q

What are the two parts of starling forces as it pertains to blood vessels?
Which one wins in the capillaries?

A

Osmotic pressure and Hydrostatic pressure

-Hydrostatic pressure

39
Q

What sucks up the water that is pushed into the interstitial space?

A

Lymph nodes

40
Q

Where does the lymphatic system empty all of its contents?

A

It empties everything into the vena cava

41
Q

When edema occurs, what is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure is much larger,stronger than osmotic pressure

42
Q

What is the relationship between Blood volume and blood pressure?

A

Change BV= Change BP

43
Q

How does blood volume and pressure relate to the marathon runner case study?

A

The women drank too much water which increased blood volume which increased blood pressure

44
Q

How does blood pressure and blood volume relate to the old man case study?

A

The severe dehydration had a direct affect of lowering blood volume, therefore decreasing blood pressure

45
Q

What causes hyperemia? What does emia mean

A

Hyperemia is when there’s increased blood flow because of increased metabolic activity
-emia means blood

46
Q

What are the two types of Hypermia and describe them/ when they occur?

A

Active hyeremia: occurs when we exercise. Metabolism increases, blood flow increases
Reactive hyperemia: e.g. occurs when we cross our legs for too long . temporary occlusion of blood vessels

47
Q

What is the equation of MAP

A

MAP= SV x HR x TPR

48
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control as it relates to organs?

A

Intrinsic: control from within the organ
Extrinsic: control from outside the organ

49
Q

What is the intrinsic control of HR?

A

Autorhythmicity or pacemaker

50
Q

What are extrinsic controls of the HR

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic system

51
Q

What are the intrinsic homeostatic controls of SV?

A

Frank starling/venous return (stretch)

52
Q

What are the extrinsic hemeostatic control of SV

A

Hormones: Epi beta receptor and TH is permissive

53
Q

What does TPR stand for?

A

Total peripheral resistance

54
Q

What is the intrinsic factor of homeostatic control of the TPR? What is the purpose?

A

Myogenic mechanism: When the arteriole controls its own diameter by responding to the stretch or pressure exerted on the walls
-protect the capillaries

55
Q

What are the 2 extrinsic homeostatic control of TPR?

A

Chemicals (like vasodilators around the vessel)

Sympathetic tone

56
Q

What does epinephrine (like an epi pen) do to the cardiovascular system?

A

increases SV, HR, but does not affect TPR

57
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

Carotid artery and aorta

58
Q

What are the parasympathetic (helps with relaxtion) attachments?

A

starts in the medulla and travels to the SV and AV node

59
Q

What are the attachments of the sympathetic system?

A

Starts at medulla and ends at the AV & SV node

60
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Damage to blood vessels that lead to plaque which tries to heal it

PHysiology Bi211 (12 decks)

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