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PHysiology Bi211 > Week 4 Day 3 Vascular Flow, Blood pressure, Changing flow, homeostatic mechanisms, Cardiovascular health > Flashcards

Week 4 Day 3 Vascular Flow, Blood pressure, Changing flow, homeostatic mechanisms, Cardiovascular health Flashcards

1
Q

Where to arteries flow into?

A

Arterioles

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2
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Greatest site of vascular resistance (narrowing diameter)

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3
Q

Where does oxygen exchange occur? What are 2 characteristics of it?

A
  • Capillaries
  • Single cell-walled exchange vessels
  • large lumen diameter relative to total vessel diameter
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4
Q

In our blood vessels, what has the highest volume of blood?

A

Venules/Veins

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5
Q

What are the 3 portal systems? Brief description of each

A
  • Hypothalamo-hypophyseal Portal system: between hth and AP
  • Hepatic Portal Vein: brings nutrients from the intestine to the liver
  • Glomerulus: filter blood in kidney
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6
Q

What is angiogenesis? When does it need to occur?

A

The grow of new blood vessels.

-in babies/children, wound healing, athletic training

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7
Q

Given a situation of a tumor, how do we inhibit the growth of blood vessels if it’s infected?

A

-Manipulate the pro angiogenic factor or cytokines there

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8
Q

When the left ventricle shoots blood, what are 3 things it need to overcome?

A
  • decrease diameter of the pipes
  • increased distance of pipes leading back to the heart
  • relative viscosity
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9
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what happens during occlude artery?

A

It’s when you cut off blood supply to the brachial artery and the pressure is above systolic pressure

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10
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what is partial occlusion and turbulent flow?

A

When the blood pressure arm band releases tension and lets blood flow through which makes sound

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11
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what is no occlusion and laminar flow?

A

When the artery is fully open

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12
Q

When examining pressure, of veins, arteries, and capillaries, what has the highest to lowest pressure?

A

Arteries, capillaries, veins

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13
Q

When you bruise or when the blood flow is too high, what happens to the capillaries?

A

they rupture

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14
Q

Why is there slower pressure in the capillaries (ignoring bernoulis)? why is that important

A

There’s lower pressure (lower velocity) in the capillaries because the diameter is smaller
-important because that’s when capillaries exchange oxygen

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15
Q

What are ways that athletic trainers can improve blood oxygen exchange efficiency?

A

By increasing the surface area of the capillaries

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16
Q

Waht is hypotension?

A

When blood pressure is too low

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17
Q

When hypotension occurs while changing body positions, what is that called? And waht occurs anatomically?

A

Orthostatic hypotension

-blood pools in lower extremities (therefore not flowing the the brain)

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18
Q

What is a normal systolic and diastolic pressure range?

A

Normal systolic is below 120

normal diastolic pressure is below 80

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19
Q

What is hypertension? What are 2 effects?

A

When blood pressure is too high

-puts stress on the vessel walls vessel rupture

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20
Q

What are the 2 categories of chronic hypertension?

A

Primary: Idiopathic (don’t know what causes it), increased resistance
Secondary: due to a known disease endocrine or renal disease

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21
Q

What is so important about elasticity? What happens to the elasticity when we age?

A

Elasticity maintains blood pressure

When we age, we loose elasticity

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22
Q

When ventricular systole occurs, what happens to the resistance of the arteries? Why does it happen?

A
  • the artery smooth muscle decrease resistance

- this happens so that blood can flow in

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23
Q

When ventricular diastole occurs, what happens to the resistance of the arteries? Why does it happen?

A

The artery smooth muscle increases resistance

-this occurs to propel the wave forward

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24
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

It’s the difference (wave) between the systolic and diastolic

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25
What are the two ways BP in the veins fight gravity?
Skeletal muscle pump and pulmonary pump
26
How does skeletal muscle pump help? When does it occur? how far will it travel
It helps, esp in our legs, to squeeze out the veins like toothpaste - occurs when you walk - torso
27
What happens when we breath in conjunction with the pulmonary pump?
Pressure in the thorax decreases, therefore increasing venous return
28
Generally, what is MAP closer to: Diastolic or systolic pressure. Why?
Diastolic | -b/c diastolic is a much longer process
29
When we age, what happens to the mean arterial pressure (MAP)
-because systolic and diastolic both decrease, the MAP stays relatively constant compared to both factors
30
Do capillaries have smooth muscle?
Nope
31
What is the quickest way to change peripheral resistance in our blood vessels?
-change the diameter (vasoconstrict or vasodilate)
32
What are sphincters in the blood vessel capillaries? What do they help with?
Sphincters are small rings of smooth muscle | -they help bypass capillary areas
33
Capillaries are a one cell wall and thin (so only one blood cell can move single file). What cell is this?
Endothelial cells
34
In the capillary exchange, what happens during bulk flow of liquid? What needs to be maintained
Plasma leaves the capillary and enters the ECF | -pressure on both sides need to be maintained
35
When plasma leave the blood vessel and goes into the interstitial fluid, what is this called?
Filtration
36
When interstitial fluid go into the plasma, what is this called?
Absorption
37
What is hydrostatic pressure as it pertains to blood vessels?
There is a greater pressure inside the capillaries than outside forces fluid out
38
What are the two parts of starling forces as it pertains to blood vessels? Which one wins in the capillaries?
Osmotic pressure and Hydrostatic pressure | -Hydrostatic pressure
39
What sucks up the water that is pushed into the interstitial space?
Lymph nodes
40
Where does the lymphatic system empty all of its contents?
It empties everything into the vena cava
41
When edema occurs, what is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure is much larger,stronger than osmotic pressure
42
What is the relationship between Blood volume and blood pressure?
Change BV= Change BP
43
How does blood volume and pressure relate to the marathon runner case study?
The women drank too much water which increased blood volume which increased blood pressure
44
How does blood pressure and blood volume relate to the old man case study?
The severe dehydration had a direct affect of lowering blood volume, therefore decreasing blood pressure
45
What causes hyperemia? What does emia mean
Hyperemia is when there’s increased blood flow because of increased metabolic activity -emia means blood
46
What are the two types of Hypermia and describe them/ when they occur?
Active hyeremia: occurs when we exercise. Metabolism increases, blood flow increases Reactive hyperemia: e.g. occurs when we cross our legs for too long . temporary occlusion of blood vessels
47
What is the equation of MAP
MAP= SV x HR x TPR
48
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control as it relates to organs?
Intrinsic: control from within the organ Extrinsic: control from outside the organ
49
What is the intrinsic control of HR?
Autorhythmicity or pacemaker
50
What are extrinsic controls of the HR
Sympathetic and parasympathetic system
51
What are the intrinsic homeostatic controls of SV?
Frank starling/venous return (stretch)
52
What are the extrinsic hemeostatic control of SV
Hormones: Epi beta receptor and TH is permissive
53
What does TPR stand for?
Total peripheral resistance
54
What is the intrinsic factor of homeostatic control of the TPR? What is the purpose?
Myogenic mechanism: When the arteriole controls its own diameter by responding to the stretch or pressure exerted on the walls -protect the capillaries
55
What are the 2 extrinsic homeostatic control of TPR?
Chemicals (like vasodilators around the vessel) | Sympathetic tone
56
What does epinephrine (like an epi pen) do to the cardiovascular system?
increases SV, HR, but does not affect TPR
57
Where are baroreceptors located?
Carotid artery and aorta
58
What are the parasympathetic (helps with relaxtion) attachments?
starts in the medulla and travels to the SV and AV node
59
What are the attachments of the sympathetic system?
Starts at medulla and ends at the AV & SV node
60
What is atherosclerosis?
Damage to blood vessels that lead to plaque which tries to heal it

PHysiology Bi211 (12 decks)

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