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PHysiology Bi211 > Week 4 Day 1 Anatomical Female, Blood Basics, > Flashcards

Week 4 Day 1 Anatomical Female, Blood Basics, Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the females body makes gametes?

A

Ovary

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2
Q

What part of the female body receives gametes and where fertilization occurs

A

Fallopian tube

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3
Q

What is a pap smear and what does it test for?

A

Pap smear is a test for HPV (an infection in the cervix)

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4
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Maturation of the female egg

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5
Q

During fetal development and birth, what does the oogonia do?

A

The oogonia undergoes mitosis differentiation and becomes a primary oocyte.

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6
Q

At puberty, what happens to the primary oocyte?

A

It undergoes meiotic divison to become a secondary oocyte

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7
Q

How many layers are there to a mature follicle? Name them and what do they secrete?

A
  • 2
  • Theca (outer) secretes progesterone
  • Granulosa (inner) cells secrete estrogen
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8
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

An oocyte is released from a mature follicle

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9
Q

What happens to the mature follicle after ovulation occurs?

A

the mature follicle will turn into a Corpus Luteum which secrets a lot of progesterone

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10
Q

What’s another name for a fertilized oocyte?

A

Egg

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11
Q

What is the myometrium? What happens to it during pregnancy?

A
  • thick smooth muscle layer of the uterine lining.

- Grows during pregnancy

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12
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

A gland that grows and is shed every month.

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13
Q

In pre ovulation, what does luteinizing hormone make?

A

Theca cells which makes androgens

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14
Q

In pre-ovulation, what does follicle stimulating hormone do?

A

It creates Granulosa cells which converts the androgens received from the Theca cells to estrogen

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15
Q

What are 3 other sources for estrogen and progesterone?

A
  • during pregnancy, a placenta secretes this
  • Neurons
  • adrenal cortex
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16
Q

What happens during the follicular phase? What helps it grow

A

During the follicular phase, follicle stimulating hormone helps grow the follicle

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17
Q

What happens during Luteal phase?

A

Corpus luteum becoming an active gland.

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18
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no baby? (This is post ovulation)

A

The corpus luteum degenerates

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19
Q

Estrogen has negative feedback on the Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. At what point does it switch to positive feedback?

A

At some random point where there’s enough estrogen produced by the ovaries (comes from the granulosa cells)

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20
Q

What are the three uterine phases for menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual: losing the thickness
Proliferative: rebuilding menstrual
Secretory: secrete fluids and become an endocrine gland

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21
Q

What starts the increase of Prostaglandin (PGF) release? And How does Prostaglandins help?

A
  • Progesterone withdrawal (Happens when the Corpus luteum degrades)
  • Vasocontricts blood supply (cuts it off) to endometrial layer & helps the myometrial contract
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22
Q

What happens when the Prostoglandis escapes and goes into the blood supply?

A

A cytokine storm occurs. Causes smooth muscle cell contraction throughout the body and Prostoglandis becomes a hormone. Basically it’s when girls are PMSing

23
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

When endometrial lining escapes. This would stimulate random things in a womens cervix to grow and bleed

24
Q

What are 4 proteins in plasma that come from the liver? And, what do they do?

A

Albumin: most abundant, osmotic regulator, increases viscosity
Gamma globulin: Antibodies, protect from pathogens
Fibrinogen: Part of clotting mechanism
Various protein carriers: Hydrophobic (non polar) molecules that don’t dissolve in blood need to be carried by proteins (e.g. cholesterol)

25
Q

What is the term for blood cell production?

A

Hematopoiesis

26
Q

Where do hematopoetic stem cells come from? And what does it do?

A

Red bone marrow

-Gives rise to all red blood cells

27
Q

What is the term for Red blood cell maturation?

A

Erythropoiesis

28
Q

What happens during Erythroblastic islands?

A

Iron is added and Hemaglobin synthesis occurs.

29
Q

In RBC maturation, what happens during the stage of Raticualocyte?

A

-When the cell loses organelles (e.g. nucleus, mitochondria)

30
Q

When oxygen is binded to hemoglobin (Hb), what color is it?

A

Bright red

31
Q

When oxygen is not bound to hemoglobin, what color is it?

A

dark red

32
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

When there’s low oxygen in blood and the skin appears blue

33
Q

What does Hematocrit test for?

A

the percentage of RBC in the total blood volume

34
Q

when is Fe is released in the blood stream, what is it specifically bound to?

A

Its bound to a transport protein called transferrin

35
Q

What is ferritin?

A

Where Fe is stored on the liver

36
Q

What are two dietary requirements for Erythropoesis?

A

Folic Acid and Vitamin B12

37
Q

What does erythropoietin (EP) do?

A

RBC cell division and maturation is triggered by erythropoietin

38
Q

What can trigger EP?

A
  • Low oxygen in kidneys

- living at high altitude

39
Q

What is Anemia?

A

Not enough RBC

40
Q

WHat is polycythemia?

A

Where there’s too much RBC and it becomes too thick so it’s harder to flow through narrow vessels

41
Q

What molecule does bind to on hemoglobin?

A

Fe

42
Q

How many hemoglobins are on one blood cell? How many heme groups are on one hemoglobin? How many oxygens bind to heme

A
  • 1
  • 4 heme groups
  • 4 oxygens
43
Q

Review. What is myoglobin?

A

Something that carries oxygen in skeletal muscle

44
Q

What does PO2 mean?

A

The concentration of oxygen

45
Q

What has a higher affinity, hemoglobin or myoglobin? And how does that affect how oxygen moves through the body?

A

Myoglobin has a higher affinity.
-this helps move the oxygen because oxygen will be attached to hemoglobin (RBC) and move to myoglobin (skeletal muscles) because it has a higher affinity

46
Q

When the PO2 is high, where would the oxygen be found in the body? What is the status of the affinity of hemoglobin –high or low ?

A

When PO2 is high, the oxygen would be found in the lungs.

-the hemoglobin (Hb) has a high affinity

47
Q

When the PO2 is low, where would the oxygen be found in the body? What is the status of the affinity of hemoglobin–high or low

A

The oxygen would be found in the skeletal muscles (on the myoglobin)

-Hemoglobin would have a low affinity

48
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect Hb binding affinity?

A

Fetal Hb, temperature, pH

49
Q

What is the difference between normal adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin?

A

Fetal hemoglobin has a gamma as opposed to a beta and it has a higher affinity.

  • adults have alpha & beta chains
  • fetal have alpha & gamma
50
Q

When hemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen, what does it have a high affinity of?

A

It has a high affinity for CO2

51
Q

In addition to CO2, what does hemoglobin carry to help with the acidic environment?

A

Hemoglobin binds to free H+ to serve as a buffer

52
Q

When the concentration of CO2 is high in blood, what affect does it have on H+.

A

There would be more H+ and it’ll drop in PH

53
Q

Where else are progesterone and estrogen produced produced?

A

Adrenal cortex, brain, neurons

PHysiology Bi211 (12 decks)

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