Week 4 Day 1 Anatomical Female, Blood Basics,

Question 1

What part of the females body makes gametes?

Answer 1

Ovary

Question 2

What part of the female body receives gametes and where fertilization occurs

Answer 2

Fallopian tube

Question 3

What is a pap smear and what does it test for?

Answer 3

Pap smear is a test for HPV (an infection in the cervix)

Question 4

What is oogenesis?

Answer 4

Maturation of the female egg

Question 5

During fetal development and birth, what does the oogonia do?

Answer 5

The oogonia undergoes mitosis differentiation and becomes a primary oocyte.

Question 6

At puberty, what happens to the primary oocyte?

Answer 6

It undergoes meiotic divison to become a secondary oocyte

Question 7

How many layers are there to a mature follicle? Name them and what do they secrete?

Answer 7

• 2
• Theca (outer) secretes progesterone
• Granulosa (inner) cells secrete estrogen

Question 8

What happens during ovulation?

Answer 8

An oocyte is released from a mature follicle

Question 9

What happens to the mature follicle after ovulation occurs?

Answer 9

the mature follicle will turn into a Corpus Luteum which secrets a lot of progesterone

Question 10

What’s another name for a fertilized oocyte?

Answer 10

Egg

Question 11

What is the myometrium? What happens to it during pregnancy?

Answer 11

• thick smooth muscle layer of the uterine lining.

- Grows during pregnancy

Question 12

What is the endometrium?

Answer 12

A gland that grows and is shed every month.

Question 13

In pre ovulation, what does luteinizing hormone make?

Answer 13

Theca cells which makes androgens

Question 14

In pre-ovulation, what does follicle stimulating hormone do?

Answer 14

It creates Granulosa cells which converts the androgens received from the Theca cells to estrogen

Question 15

What are 3 other sources for estrogen and progesterone?

Answer 15

• during pregnancy, a placenta secretes this
• Neurons
• adrenal cortex

Question 16

What happens during the follicular phase? What helps it grow

Answer 16

During the follicular phase, follicle stimulating hormone helps grow the follicle

Question 17

What happens during Luteal phase?

Answer 17

Corpus luteum becoming an active gland.

Question 18

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no baby? (This is post ovulation)

Answer 18

The corpus luteum degenerates

Question 19

Estrogen has negative feedback on the Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. At what point does it switch to positive feedback?

Answer 19

At some random point where there’s enough estrogen produced by the ovaries (comes from the granulosa cells)

Question 20

What are the three uterine phases for menstrual cycle?

Answer 20

Menstrual: losing the thickness
Proliferative: rebuilding menstrual
Secretory: secrete fluids and become an endocrine gland

Question 21

What starts the increase of Prostaglandin (PGF) release? And How does Prostaglandins help?

Answer 21

• Progesterone withdrawal (Happens when the Corpus luteum degrades)
• Vasocontricts blood supply (cuts it off) to endometrial layer & helps the myometrial contract

Question 22

What happens when the Prostoglandis escapes and goes into the blood supply?

Answer 22

A cytokine storm occurs. Causes smooth muscle cell contraction throughout the body and Prostoglandis becomes a hormone. Basically it’s when girls are PMSing

Question 23

What is endometriosis?

Answer 23

When endometrial lining escapes. This would stimulate random things in a womens cervix to grow and bleed

Question 24

What are 4 proteins in plasma that come from the liver? And, what do they do?

Answer 24

Albumin: most abundant, osmotic regulator, increases viscosity
Gamma globulin: Antibodies, protect from pathogens
Fibrinogen: Part of clotting mechanism
Various protein carriers: Hydrophobic (non polar) molecules that don’t dissolve in blood need to be carried by proteins (e.g. cholesterol)

Question 25

What is the term for blood cell production?

Answer 25

Hematopoiesis

Question 26

Where do hematopoetic stem cells come from? And what does it do?

Answer 26

Red bone marrow | -Gives rise to all red blood cells

Question 27

What is the term for Red blood cell maturation?

Answer 27

Erythropoiesis

Question 28

What happens during Erythroblastic islands?

Answer 28

Iron is added and Hemaglobin synthesis occurs.

Question 29

In RBC maturation, what happens during the stage of Raticualocyte?

Answer 29

-When the cell loses organelles (e.g. nucleus, mitochondria)

Question 30

When oxygen is binded to hemoglobin (Hb), what color is it?

Answer 30

Bright red

Question 31

When oxygen is not bound to hemoglobin, what color is it?

Answer 31

dark red

Question 32

What is cyanosis?

Answer 32

When there’s low oxygen in blood and the skin appears blue

Question 33

What does Hematocrit test for?

Answer 33

the percentage of RBC in the total blood volume

Question 34

when is Fe is released in the blood stream, what is it specifically bound to?

Answer 34

Its bound to a transport protein called transferrin

Question 35

What is ferritin?

Answer 35

Where Fe is stored on the liver

Question 36

What are two dietary requirements for Erythropoesis?

Answer 36

Folic Acid and Vitamin B12

Question 37

What does erythropoietin (EP) do?

Answer 37

RBC cell division and maturation is triggered by erythropoietin

Question 38

What can trigger EP?

Answer 38

- Low oxygen in kidneys | - living at high altitude

Question 39

What is Anemia?

Answer 39

Not enough RBC

Question 40

WHat is polycythemia?

Answer 40

Where there’s too much RBC and it becomes too thick so it’s harder to flow through narrow vessels

Question 41

What molecule does bind to on hemoglobin?

Answer 41

Fe

Question 42

How many hemoglobins are on one blood cell? How many heme groups are on one hemoglobin? How many oxygens bind to heme

Answer 42

- 1 - 4 heme groups - 4 oxygens

Question 43

Review. What is myoglobin?

Answer 43

Something that carries oxygen in skeletal muscle

Question 44

What does PO2 mean?

Answer 44

The concentration of oxygen

Question 45

What has a higher affinity, hemoglobin or myoglobin? And how does that affect how oxygen moves through the body?

Answer 45

Myoglobin has a higher affinity. -this helps move the oxygen because oxygen will be attached to hemoglobin (RBC) and move to myoglobin (skeletal muscles) because it has a higher affinity

Question 46

When the PO2 is high, where would the oxygen be found in the body? What is the status of the affinity of hemoglobin –high or low ?

Answer 46

When PO2 is high, the oxygen would be found in the lungs. -the hemoglobin (Hb) has a high affinity

Question 47

When the PO2 is low, where would the oxygen be found in the body? What is the status of the affinity of hemoglobin–high or low

Answer 47

The oxygen would be found in the skeletal muscles (on the myoglobin) -Hemoglobin would have a low affinity

Question 48

What are the 3 factors that affect Hb binding affinity?

Answer 48

Fetal Hb, temperature, pH

Question 49

What is the difference between normal adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin?

Answer 49

Fetal hemoglobin has a gamma as opposed to a beta and it has a higher affinity. - adults have alpha & beta chains - fetal have alpha & gamma

Question 50

When hemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen, what does it have a high affinity of?

Answer 50

It has a high affinity for CO2

Question 51

In addition to CO2, what does hemoglobin carry to help with the acidic environment?

Answer 51

Hemoglobin binds to free H+ to serve as a buffer

Question 52

When the concentration of CO2 is high in blood, what affect does it have on H+.

Answer 52

There would be more H+ and it’ll drop in PH

Question 53

Where else are progesterone and estrogen produced produced?

Answer 53

Adrenal cortex, brain, neurons