Week 2 Day 2 Video 1 Sensory Basics, Reflexes, Somatosensation+, Vision

Question 1

In the sensory system, what is a main difference between touch and smell?

Answer 1

Smell has a receptor cell and touch does not.

Question 2

What does the brain need for sensory perception?

Answer 2

Stimulus modality (type like heat,cold, sound) , Stimulus intensity (frequency of AP), stimulus location

Question 3

How do action potentials work with the sensory system?

Answer 3

Action potentials can fire multiple times and reach a super threshold

Question 4

What’s the difference between Rapidly adapting receptor and slowly adapting receptor?

Answer 4

The afferent neuron action potentials are decaying overtime with slowly adapting receptor. With rapidly adapting, it’s spotty at few points.

Question 5

Where does perception occur in the brain?

Answer 5

Frontal lobe.

Question 6

What are the factors that affect perception?

Answer 6

Adaptation, emotion/personality, CNS has mechanisms to turn down sensitive reception, lacking receptors for certain stimuli, damaged neural pathways, hallucinogens, mental illness

Question 7

What type of muscles are reflex receptors attached to as it pertains to somatic & autonomic reflex

Answer 7

• Somatic reflex is attached to skeletal muscle

- autonomic reflex is attached to Smooth or cardiac muscles

Question 8

What are the two types of somatic reflexes?

Answer 8

Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex

Question 9

What is the definition of Somatosensation?

Answer 9

Touch, temperature, pressure detected through the skin

Question 10

What is the definition of Proprioception?

Answer 10

Mechanoreceptors that detect the stretch of muscles, tendons, and ligaments to determine body position in space

Question 11

What are tactile receptors?

Answer 11

Tactile receptors deal with the somatosensation and deal with touch, pressure, and vibrations

Question 12

Primary motor cortex Vs somatosensory cortex

Answer 12

One deals with the actual action of doing some and the other deals with the sense of it

Question 13

Do temperature receptors that are dendrite endings myelinated or unmylinated?

Answer 13

Unmyelinated

Question 14

Are tactile receptors free nerve ending myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 14

Myelinated

Question 15

What do temperature somatosensory receptors have that respond to varying levels of temperature?

Answer 15

They contain multiple ion channels that respond to different temperatures

Question 16

Describe Nociception make up?

Answer 16

The are dendritic endings of unmyelinated sensory neurons.

Question 17

What is CIP? Congenital insensitivity to pain.

Answer 17

A disease that comes from birth and the people who have it can’t feel pain

Question 18

What is lateral inhibition?

Answer 18

When you hit your head and you rub it to disperse the nociception stimulus.

Question 19

Where do opiate neurotransmitters come from? Inside or outside the body?

Answer 19

They are endogenous inhibitors to inhibit opiate receptors. Sensation is reduced —> pain reduced .

Question 20

What is Exogenous morphine?

Answer 20

Morphine is something outside of the body that is given to inhibit the opiate receptors. Decrease sensation —-> decrease perception of pain .

Question 21

Describe what transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) does? Like the outcome?

Answer 21

Stimulates non-pain fibers. Similar to lateral inhibition

Question 22

What is the key difference between somatic sensation and vision?

Answer 22

Vision for the eyes have photoreceptors that receive bent light

Question 23

What is the fovea centralis?

Answer 23

A spot in the eye that has the highest density of photoreceptors of no blood vessels to block reception

Question 24

What is accommodation as it pertains to vision?

Answer 24

When ciliary muscles shape lens to bend light (e.g. dilate) waves close up or further away.

Question 25

What is sight acuity all dependent on?

Answer 25

It’s dependent on how much light focuses fovea centralis.

Question 26

Describe what Presbyopia is?

Answer 26

When you get old and your lens gets tougher.

Question 27

Describe what myopia is?

Answer 27

When your eyeball is too long/oval and you are nearsighted

Question 28

What is hyperopia?

Answer 28

When the eyeball is too short (farsighted)

Question 29

Describe what a astigmatism is as it pertains to your eyes?

Answer 29

When your lens or cornea are not a smooth sphere.

Question 30

What is a cataract?

Answer 30

A surgical process that occurs if your lens are cloudy

Question 31

What is glaucoma?

Answer 31

When retina cells get damaged.

Question 32

What direction do photoreceptors face in conjuction with light?

Answer 32

Photoreceptors face away from the path of incoming light.

Question 33

What are cones for? Bright or dark.

Answer 33

Cones respond to bright light. Cones —->Color

Question 34

What do rods do?

Answer 34

Photoreceptors that are sensitive for darkness.

Question 35

What type of pigment do Rods have?

Answer 35

The pigment called Rhodopsin +retinal

Question 36

What type of pigments do cones have?

Answer 36

Opsins +retinal

Question 37

How many types of cones does the retina have? And what are they?

Answer 37

3 cones. 
Long wave (red), medium waves (green), short waves (blue)

Question 38

What’s the difference between plants and your eyes as it pertains to the reception of color?

Answer 38

Plants can’t absorb green. Eyes can absorb green

Question 39

When lights are on, what is released in the photoreceptor?

Answer 39

Sends an action potential in ganglion cells

Question 40

When it is dark, what happens to the photoreceptors?

Answer 40

Inhibitory neurotransmitters are released

Question 41

What are the two pathways of bipolar cells? When the lights are on or off, what pathway is it on?

Answer 41

Bipolar cells have on and off pathway.

Question 42

What is synesthesia?

Answer 42

When the perception of one sense leads to involuntary sense of another? (E.g. chromaestiga— when sound stimulates color)