Week 3 Day 1 Smooth Muscle Boot camp, Cardiac Muscle WU, Endocrinology Basics, Hypothalamus-Pituitary, Metabolic hormones Flashcards
What’s the main difference between skeletal muscle and smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle can undergo hyperplasia (multiply)
In smooth muscle, what are the thin filaments anchored to to help contract?
Dense bodies
In skeletal muscles, the further the stretch the weaker the contraction. How does this differ with smooth muscle?
Because the thick and thin filaments are always in close contact, smooth muscle stretch will open mechanically gated calcium channel which leads to contraction.
For smooth muscle, where does the source of calcium come from?
The Ca 2+ comes from the Sarcoplasmic reticulum (just like skeletal muscles) and the ECF
How does twitch rate of smooth muscle compare to skeletal muscle?
Smooth muscle takes longer/ is slower to twitch.
What is the definition of pacemaker?
The tendency to spontaneously depolarize at regular intervals.
What are Varicosities?
Bumps on the autonomic nerve fiber (which is on smooth muscle) that contain neurotransmitters
In cardiac muscle, what do intercalated disks contain?
Gap junctions helps with depolarization
What channels are opened on cardiac muscle?
VG NA+ and Ca2+ channels
How many nodes are on cardiac muscle and what are their names?
2 nodes
-SV node, and AV node
On cardiac muscle, where are there pacemaker potential?
On the 2 cardiac nodes
What is the definition of tropic hormones?
Tropic hormones stimulate other glands to release hormones to trigger even more growth
What are the three different ways to stimulate a hormone?
Humoral stimulus (hormones are released from blood) Neural stimulus (hormones are released from neurons) Hormonal stimulus (tropic hormones are released)
Intracellular receptors in lipophilic (non polar) ligands lead to what?
They led to translation and transcription changes.
The membrane receptors in lipophobic ligands lead to what?
Changes in ion flow
What are some of the hormone building blocks?
Amines, polypeptides, steroids
If a hormone is lipophobic, where would the receptor be located?
Plasma membrane
If a hormone was lipophilic, where would the receptor be located?
The receptor would be located in the cytosol
Of the hormones amines, polypeptides, and steroids, which ones are lipophobic and which ones are lipophilic?
Amines & polypeptides are lipophobic
Steroids are lipophilic
What are the two categories of endocrine disorders?
Either with secretion or response
What are the two categories of hyposecretion?
Primary and secondary hyposecretion.
Primary: Damage to glands so less hormones are released
-also an enzyme deficiency
Secondary: too little tropic hormones
What are the two categories of hypersecretion?
Primary hypersecretion and secondary hypersecretion
Primary: There’s a tumor present and too hormones are produced
Secondary: Too many tropic hormones
In terms of communication, what’s the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland? Where does it receive the communication from?
The anterior pituitary receives communication through the blood system.
The posterior pituitary receives communication through a neural connection.
They both receive info from the hypothalamus.
What is and what’s the purpose of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?
A series of capillary beds that helps with local communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland
