Week 3 Day 1 Smooth Muscle Boot camp, Cardiac Muscle WU, Endocrinology Basics, Hypothalamus-Pituitary, Metabolic hormones

Question 1

What’s the main difference between skeletal muscle and smooth muscle?

Answer 1

Smooth muscle can undergo hyperplasia (multiply)

Question 2

In smooth muscle, what are the thin filaments anchored to to help contract?

Answer 2

Dense bodies

Question 3

In skeletal muscles, the further the stretch the weaker the contraction. How does this differ with smooth muscle?

Answer 3

Because the thick and thin filaments are always in close contact, smooth muscle stretch will open mechanically gated calcium channel which leads to contraction.

Question 4

For smooth muscle, where does the source of calcium come from?

Answer 4

The Ca 2+ comes from the Sarcoplasmic reticulum (just like skeletal muscles) and the ECF

Question 5

How does twitch rate of smooth muscle compare to skeletal muscle?

Answer 5

Smooth muscle takes longer/ is slower to twitch.

Question 6

What is the definition of pacemaker?

Answer 6

The tendency to spontaneously depolarize at regular intervals.

Question 7

What are Varicosities?

Answer 7

Bumps on the autonomic nerve fiber (which is on smooth muscle) that contain neurotransmitters

Question 8

In cardiac muscle, what do intercalated disks contain?

Answer 8

Gap junctions helps with depolarization

Question 9

What channels are opened on cardiac muscle?

Answer 9

VG NA+ and Ca2+ channels

Question 10

How many nodes are on cardiac muscle and what are their names?

Answer 10

2 nodes

-SV node, and AV node

Question 11

On cardiac muscle, where are there pacemaker potential?

Answer 11

On the 2 cardiac nodes

Question 12

What is the definition of tropic hormones?

Answer 12

Tropic hormones stimulate other glands to release hormones to trigger even more growth

Question 13

What are the three different ways to stimulate a hormone?

Answer 13

Humoral stimulus (hormones are released from blood)
Neural stimulus (hormones are released from neurons)
Hormonal stimulus (tropic hormones are released)

Question 14

Intracellular receptors in lipophilic (non polar) ligands lead to what?

Answer 14

They led to translation and transcription changes.

Question 15

The membrane receptors in lipophobic ligands lead to what?

Answer 15

Changes in ion flow

Question 16

What are some of the hormone building blocks?

Answer 16

Amines, polypeptides, steroids

Question 17

If a hormone is lipophobic, where would the receptor be located?

Answer 17

Plasma membrane

Question 18

If a hormone was lipophilic, where would the receptor be located?

Answer 18

The receptor would be located in the cytosol

Question 19

Of the hormones amines, polypeptides, and steroids, which ones are lipophobic and which ones are lipophilic?

Answer 19

Amines & polypeptides are lipophobic

Steroids are lipophilic

Question 20

What are the two categories of endocrine disorders?

Answer 20

Either with secretion or response

Question 21

What are the two categories of hyposecretion?

Answer 21

Primary and secondary hyposecretion.

Primary: Damage to glands so less hormones are released
-also an enzyme deficiency
Secondary: too little tropic hormones

Question 22

What are the two categories of hypersecretion?

Answer 22

Primary hypersecretion and secondary hypersecretion

Primary: There’s a tumor present and too hormones are produced
Secondary: Too many tropic hormones

Question 23

In terms of communication, what’s the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland? Where does it receive the communication from?

Answer 23

The anterior pituitary receives communication through the blood system.

The posterior pituitary receives communication through a neural connection.

They both receive info from the hypothalamus.

Question 24

What is and what’s the purpose of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

Answer 24

A series of capillary beds that helps with local communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland

Question 25

What are the two posterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 25

Oxytocin & Vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 26

In the thyroid gland, what two hormones does it release and what do they do?

Answer 26

Thyroid hormone: maintains metabolism/body temp

Calcitonin: regulates calcium in blood

Question 27

What are the 3 actions that Thyroid hormone does? How many types are there?

Answer 27

1) more fuel in the blood 2) heat production 3)physical development
- 2 types: I3 & I4

Question 28

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 28

-Low metabolic rate and low heat production

Question 29

What are the key differences between Hashimoto’s disease and Grave’s disease

Answer 29

Hashimoto: Low metabolic rate, low heat production, weight gain
Grave’s: High metabolic rate, high heat production, weight loss

Question 30

How does the Thyroid gland and parathyroid gland work together to maintain homeostasis? Let’s say there is too much calcium. Now, let’s say there is too little calcium.

Answer 30

If there is too much calcium, thyroid hormone will release calcitonin which will store calcium in the bone.

If there is too little calcium, parathyroid hormone is released which causes the bones to release calcium.

Question 31

What do growth hormones (GH) do?

Answer 31

They help facilitate maturation and mitosis of chondrocytes so your epiphyseal plates can grow bigger.