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PHysiology Bi211 > Week 1 Day 3 & Wk 2 Day 4Neuron Basics, Resting Neurons, Graded Potentials, Action potentials > Flashcards

Week 1 Day 3 & Wk 2 Day 4Neuron Basics, Resting Neurons, Graded Potentials, Action potentials Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

A single unit

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2
Q

Nerve fiber

A

Axon from a single neuron

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3
Q

Nerve

A

A collection of axons outside of the brain/spinal cord

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4
Q

Glial cells

A

Non neuronal support cells

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5
Q

Where is the action potential traveling on a neuron cell?

A

The action potential is traveling down the axon which transmits electrical signals

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6
Q

What is included on CNS?

A

The Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What’s another name for glial cells

A

Myelin

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8
Q

What are the two types of Myelin, what do they do, and which nervous system are they part of

A

Schwann cells: wraps around one axon (PNS)

Oligodendrocytes: covers many axons (CNS)

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9
Q

How do electrical and chemical signals work as it pertains to neurons?

A

Neurons send electrical signals within the cell and chemical signals between cells.

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10
Q

In terms of physics, how do you generate electrical potential?

A

By physically separating + and - charges generates electricity

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11
Q

What is the distribution of positive and negative charges for a cell?

A

The inside of a cell is always more negative than the outside

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12
Q

What voltage is a non-excitable cell?

A

-5mv

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13
Q

What voltage is a excitable cell? What voltage is the resting membrane potential?

A
  • 70mV

- 70mv

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14
Q

What is the definition of disequilibrium as it pertains to charge?

A

When the charge is away from 0

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15
Q

What is the definition of equilibrium as it pertains to charge?

A

When the charge is 0 or moving closer to 0

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16
Q

What is the definition of polraized as it pertains to charge?

A

Separation of + & - charge

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17
Q

What is the definition of depolarized as it pertains to charge?

A

Removing polarization (bringing + & - charge together) and moving towards equilibrium. The charge is becoming more positive

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18
Q

What is the definition of hyperolarized as it pertains to charge?

A

Making it more polarized, therefore more negative.

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19
Q

Are leak channels always closed or open?

A

Leak channels are always open

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20
Q

Where is a majority to the Na in relation to inside the cell or outside the cell?

A

A majority of the NA is outside the cell

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21
Q

Where is a majority to the K (potassium) in relation to inside the cell or outside the cell?

A

There’s more K inside the cell

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22
Q

For the neuron cell, where do the Na+ concentration and electrical gradients move?

A

Both the concentration and electrical gradients move inside.

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23
Q

For the neuron cell, where do the K+ concentration and electrical gradients move?

A

The K concentration moves outside and the electrical gradient (+) moves inside

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24
Q

When is an ion at equilibrium potential (E)?

A

when the electrical gradient is equal to and opposite the chemical gardient

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25
Q

Because the equilibrium potential for Potassium (-90mV) and sodium (60mV) are different, a neuron cannot exist at both potentials. What does this indicate about at least one ion?

A

This indicates that one ion will always be in a one direction net flux.

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26
Q

What is the definition of Graded potential?

A

Small, local changes in membrane potential in the dendrites and/or cell body

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27
Q

When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor of a neuron cell, what happens to the Excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A

The membrane of the neuron cell becomes more positive (depolarized)

28
Q

When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor of a neuron cell, what happens to the inhibitory postsynpatic potential (IPSP)?

A

The membrane becomes more negative (more polarized/hyperpolarized) because the positive charges go to it

29
Q

On a neuron cell, what effect does distance have on the Graded potential?

A

The GP would decrease with increase distance

30
Q

Can GPs leak? If so, what properties is it reliant on. GPS and combine to create a stronger_____

A

Strength/size of stimulus, distance, and time

Strength/size of stimulus

31
Q

How do you trigger a Graded potential (GP)

A

NT binds to receptor —>opens ligated channel —> + or - ions flow in/out —->GP

32
Q

When does a action potential (AP) start?

A

When the GP cross the threshold

33
Q

What is the peak of Action potentials?

A

+30mV

34
Q

Na+ will flow into the cell until what value?

A

+60mV?

35
Q

K+ will flow out of the channel until what value?

A

-90mV

36
Q

What are the 3 types of voltage-gated Na channels states?

A

closed, open, inactivated

37
Q

For voltage gated Na+ channels, when does the inactivated gate occur?

A

Shortly after threshold is met and it depolarizes

38
Q

When does a voltage gated K channel open?

A

When the threshold is met/during depolorization events

39
Q

When a cell is at -70mV, are the voltage gated Na & K channels open or closed?

A

Closed

40
Q

What voltage is threshold potential?

A

-55mV

41
Q

What are the three properties of AP? Define each

A

Threshold, all or none, refractory period
Threshold: minimum required depolarization to initiate
All or none: The AP either fires or doesn’t
Refractor period: once a change in mb has been fired, there is period before anther change can happen

42
Q

What voltage do the Ligan gated channel bring the mb potential to?

A

-55mV which is threshold

43
Q

What is the clinical significance of local anesthetics on our neurons?

A

These anesthetics (Lidocaine and novocaine) work by blocking VG Na+ channels

44
Q

What are the two types of refractory period?

A

Absolute & relative refractory period

45
Q

Define absolute refractory period

A

When all of VG Na+ channels are either open or inactivated

46
Q

Define the relative refractory period?

A

When VG Na+ channels are closed or inactive

47
Q

What is the function of the node of ranvier spaces?

A

The spaces between schwann cells where pumps and VG channels still exist

48
Q

Define convergence as it pertains to neurons

A

When a bunch of presynaptic neurons affect a single postsynaptic neuron

49
Q

In a neuron, what produces NT

A

Ribosomes

50
Q

Define what happens during Anterograde.

A

NT is produced in the cell body and sent down the axon

51
Q

Define what happens during retrograde

A

When NT are recycled and brought back to the neuron

52
Q

Where is a majority of the Calcium; Inside or outside the neuron. Based on that, how does the concentration gradient of calcium move?

A
  • More Ca 2+ is outside

- Ca 2+ will flow into the VG Ca 2+ channels

53
Q

What causes the VG Ca 2+ channels to open?

A

A wave of depolarization from Na and K

54
Q

What are the 3 ways of stopping the NT signal>?

A

Reuptake (recycled)
Diffusion
Breakdown

55
Q

What do Neuromodulators (NM) do?

A

-they affect post-synaptic cell’s response to NT

56
Q

What are the two types of Acetylcholine (ACh) (NT) receptors?

A

-nACHR (located at neuromuscular junction) and mAChr (located at cardiac muscle)

57
Q

What breaks down Acetylcholine in the synapse?

A

Acetylcholinesterase breaks it down in the synapse

58
Q

What type of receptor is on skeletal muscle?

A

-nAChR receptor

59
Q

How does nicotine relate to Acetlycholine?

A

Smoking nicotine can cause Acetylcholine to be released which binds to the nACHr receptor

60
Q

How does Botox and Acetylcholine work together?

A

Botox prevents acetylcholine from being released which therefore prevents skeletal muscles from contracting (so you still look young!!!)

61
Q

How does Alzheimer’s affect Acetylcholine?

A

Alzheimer’s specifically targets Acetylcholine neurons.

62
Q

How could amyloid beta negatively affect neurons?

A

Amybloid beta stick to teach other and tangles in the synapse of neurons, preventing signals from passing through

63
Q

What are the 6 neurotransmitter or Neuromodulators that we must know for the semester?

A

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, endogenous, opioids, and oxytocin

64
Q

What are Biogenic amines? What do they do?

A
  • Small and charged molecules derived from molecules

- they help create norepinephrine

65
Q

What does Norepinephrine do?

A

Norepinephrine is used throughout the NS to mobilize brain and body for action (fight or flight)

PHysiology Bi211 (12 decks)

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