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physiology bi211 > Week 1 Day 2 Membrane transport, Osmosis, Cell signaling > Flashcards

Week 1 Day 2 Membrane transport, Osmosis, Cell signaling Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of passive diffusion? What are their definitions?

A
  • Simple diffusion: Molecules diffuse from a greater concentration to a lower concentration (estrogen)
  • Active diffusion: Molecules diffuse from a lower concentration to a higher concentration (e.g. NA+)
  • Diffusion via transporters: Diffuse via membrane proteins (e.g. glucose)
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2
Q

What gradient will molecules always flow when going through channels?

A

-The concentration always moves down concentration gradient

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of gated channels? Brief description of each?

A
  • Voltage-gated ion channel: Stimulated by voltage
  • Ligand-gated ion channel: Chemically gated
  • Mechanically gated ion channel: Mechanic force required
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4
Q

When are transporters required to be used?

A

When there are large polar molecules to diffuse or active transport

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5
Q

What changes about the transporters when it shuttles solutes through it?

A

The transporter will squeeze/shuttle molecules through it and go through conformational changes.

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6
Q

What are the two types of transporters?

A

-Active and passive transport

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7
Q

What are passive transporters called? And, what type of port does it have?

A
  • Another name for passive transport is facilitated diffusion
  • It has a uniport, which means it’s moving in one direction
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8
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A

-Primary active transport & secondary active transport

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9
Q

What type of port does a primary active transport have?

A

It has a uniport (moving in one direction)

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10
Q

What are the two types of port that a secondary active transport has?

A
  • Antiport (moving in both directions/opposite)

- Symport (gradients move in same direction)

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11
Q

What are the 3 characteristics an active transporter has?

A

Specificity, competition, saturation

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12
Q

In drawings, what color does green indicate?

A

-Facilitated diffusion

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13
Q

In drawings, what will the color red indicate?

A

Red will mean active transport.

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14
Q

What does specificity mean as it pertains to transporters?

A

-How specific the transporter protein is

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15
Q

What does competition mean as it pertains to transporters?

A

The more specific, the more competitive the transporter protein is

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16
Q

What does saturation mean as it pertains to transporter characteristics?

A

When all the proteins are fully saturated with ligands

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17
Q

What is the example Angela used to display competitive active transporters?

A

tamoxifen, which binds to the hER alpha and hER beta receptor

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18
Q

What type of energy does primary active transport use?

A

It uses ATP

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19
Q

Waht type of energy does secondary active transport use? And where does it get its energy from?

A
  • Uses an electrochemical gradient

- requires energy from primary active transport to initiate

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20
Q

What type of active transport is the NA/K pump? Does active transporters bring cells to equilibrium or disequilibrium?

A

-primary active transport.

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21
Q

For NA/K pump, describe the movement of sodium and potassium

A

3 NA+ go out of the cell and 2 K+ go in

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22
Q

If a membrane is permeable, what does it let in and how does it effect net change in volume?

A

If it is permeable, it lets in lipophilic/non polar molecules are there is no net change in volume

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23
Q

If a membrane is selectively permeable, what does it let in and how does it effect net change in volume?

A

If it is selectively permeable, it lets in lipophobic/polar molecules and the net water mvt be different

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24
Q

What is the definition of molarity?

A

Number of molecules in a solution

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25
Q

What is the definition of osmolarity?

A

Number of particles in a solution

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26
Q

What is the definition of hypoosmotic?

A

Having a lower concentration of particles

27
Q

Isoosmotic definition?

A

Same # of particles in and outside cell.

28
Q

What do water molecules move through?

A

Aquaporins

29
Q

What concentration gradient will water moves towards as it pertains to osmolarity.

A

Water will move to the area with a higher ion concentration

30
Q

What is the definition of tonicity?

A

tonicity describes changes in cell volume if placed in a solution

31
Q

On average, what is the intracellular volume in a cell?

A

300mOsm

32
Q

If a solute cannot penetrate the membrane, what type of equilibrium will it reach? How does this effect volume?

A

-It’ll move towards osmotic equilibrium

33
Q

If a solute can penetrate, what type of equilibrium will it reach?

A

-It will reach dynamic equilibrium

34
Q

What happens if there is unequal tonicity?

A

Net volume will change

35
Q

In regards to tonicicty, what solution will a Hemolyzed RBC occur?>

A

hypotonic

36
Q

In regards to tonicity, what solution will crenated RBC occur?

A

They will occur in a hypertonic solution b/c there are more solutes outside of the cell, therefore the water will want to move outside of it, causing the RBC to deflate

37
Q

Does Cytosis occur in bulk or when it’s small.

A

Bulk

38
Q

What happens during endocytosis?

A

solute goes inside the cells

39
Q

What happens during enxocytosis?

A

Solutes are being pinched out of the cell

40
Q

what is a category of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, which is engulfed in lygasomes.

41
Q

Definition of crine

A

Secrete

42
Q

definition of ligand

A

Ligand will bind to receptor

43
Q

Definition of cytokine

A

A chemical used for local communication between cells

44
Q

Definition of Hormone

A

A chemical used for communication secreted into blood stream

45
Q

Definition of systemic

A

All over the body

46
Q

Definition of synapse

A

A junction between two cells

47
Q

Definition of endogenous

A

A chemical signal found inside the body

48
Q

definition of exogenous

A

Chemical signal found outside of the body (likely synthetic)

49
Q

What are the two types of signals and how do they function?

A
  • electrical & chemical
  • Electrical: changes in ion concentration
  • Chemical: secreted in ECF
50
Q

Definition of affinity?

A

How strong a receptor is attracted to a ligand

51
Q

How does a competitor affect affinity?

A

The competitor will bind to receptors and decrease the amount of chemical messengers that would otherwise be on the receptor

52
Q

What is a cytokine storm?

A

A cytokine storm is when there are a lot of systemic secretions that can lead to disease. Positive feedback rages out of control

53
Q

In regards to the cytokine storm, how does it work in the process of allergies?

A

Allergen -> Histamine (becomes hormone) -> diffuses into bloodstream

54
Q

How does endocrine cell communication differ from nervous system communication?

A

Endocrine secrete chemical messengers into bloodstream and have effects all over the body and nervous system achieves communication by changing ion concentration (electrical)

55
Q

Where does the chemical hormone to the receptor on the cell?

A

The chemical hormone binds inside the cell or on the cell membrane which will trigger a response

56
Q

For nervous communication, where does it bind to on the nervous cell?

A

It binds to the receptor on the cell membrane, which will trigger a response

57
Q

Which cells will receive the hormone signal?

A

Only the cells with the receptor for that particular hormone.

58
Q

What are the two types of Ligands?>

A

Lipophobic and lipophilic

59
Q

If the ligan is lipophilic and the receptor location is in cytosol (where translation occurs) what is the cellular action?

A

Protein synthesis

60
Q

If the ligand is lipophilic and the receptor location is in the nucleus, what cellular action takes place

A

Gene transcription

61
Q

If the ligand is lipophobic and the receptor location is on the membrane, what is the cellular action?

A

It will change ion permeability, or other cellular changes

62
Q

In regards to the cell, where are the 2 possible receptor locations if it is lipophilic ligand?

A

Cytosol and nucleus

63
Q

In regards to the cell, where is the receptor location for lipophobic ligands?

A

On the membrane

physiology bi211 (12 decks)

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