Week 4 Pneumonia Flashcards
Types of pneumonia.
Includes Community-acquired (CAP), Hospital-acquired (HAP), Ventilator-acquired (VAP), Fungal, Aspiration, and Opportunistic pneumonia.
Pneumonia risk factors.
Age, air pollution, altered consciousness, immobility, chronic conditions, smoking, and viral infections.
Microbes reach lungs how?
Via inhalation, aspiration, or bloodstream.
What is CAP?
Pneumonia occurring in individuals without recent hospitalization.
Significance of VAP.
Serious infection in ventilated patients, increasing morbidity and costs.
Smoking and pneumonia risk.
Weakens immunity and damages respiratory tract.
Malnutrition and pneumonia.
Weakens immunity, increasing risk.
Immunosuppressants and pneumonia.
Lower immune response, increasing vulnerability.
Chronic conditions and pneumonia.
Impair lung function and immunity.
Opportunistic pneumonia.
Occurs in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Symptoms in first 24 hours.
Mucus, fever, and pain with breathing.
What is red hepatization?
Early infection days with symptoms like shortness of breath.
Define grey hepatization.
Indicates potential turning point in pneumonia severity.
How can pneumonia resolve?
Can resolve with treatment or worsen.
Treatments for bacterial pneumonia.
Cephalosporins, beta-lactam antibiotics, and bactericidal agents.
Risks of cephalosporins.
High cross-reactivity with penicillins and superinfections.
Cephalosporins and anticoagulants.
May increase bleeding risk.
Spectrum of cephalosporins.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics.
First generation cephalosporin.
Cefazolin (Ancef).
Second generation cephalosporin.
Cefaclor (Ceclor).
Third generation cephalosporin.
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin).
What is empirical therapy?
Treatment based on clinical experience.
Coverage of 1st generation cephalosporins.
Primarily Gram-positive bacteria.
2nd vs 1st generation cephalosporins.
2nd generation offers more Gram-positive and improved Gram-negative coverage.
Significance of 3rd generation cephalosporins.
Potent against Gram-negative bacteria.
Common adverse effects of cephalosporins.
Diarrhea, rash, and abdominal cramps.
Cross-sensitivity with cephalosporins.
Potential allergic reactions with penicillins.
Patient case: Mrs. Baker.
84-year-old with confusion and upper respiratory symptoms.
Caregiver’s report on Mrs. Baker.
Worsening cough, difficulty breathing, and confusion.
Change in Mrs. Baker’s condition.
Symptoms worsened over the past week.
Caregiver’s concern for Mrs. Baker.
Reduced daily activities and inability to recover.
Mrs. Baker’s past medical history.
Tobacco dependence, chronic bronchitis, and hypertension.
Family history for Mrs. Baker.
Hypertension and ovarian cancer.
Social history impact on health.
Lives with caregiver, smokes, friends recently ill.
Current medications for Mrs. Baker.
Atenolol, Nortriptyline, and Combivent MDI.
Vital signs of Mrs. Baker.
BP: 140/80, Pulse: 95, Respiratory Rate: 38, SpO2: 86%.
Physical exam findings for Mrs. Baker.
Respiratory distress, crackles, and diminished breath sounds.
Neurological status of Mrs. Baker.
Oriented to self only, indicating cognitive impairment.
Clinical manifestations of pneumonia in Mrs. Baker.
Coughing, labored breathing, and abnormal lung sounds.
Significance of SpO2 level.
SpO2 of 86% indicates significant hypoxemia.
Use of walker indicates mobility.
Mobility issues due to frailty.
Overall physical appearance of Mrs. Baker.
Lethargic, frail, and well-groomed.
Significance of sodium (Na+) level.
Na+ level of 141 mmol/L is normal.
Blood glucose measurement relevance.
Glucose level of 7.6 mmol/L is normal.
Importance of WBC count in pneumonia.
WBC count of 15.2 x10(9)/L is elevated.
pH 7.5 implications.
pH of 7.5 indicates alkalosis.
PaO2 level implications.
PaO2 of 59 mmHg indicates severe hypoxemia.
Neutrophils in sputum analysis.
Many neutrophils indicate acute inflammation.
Gram stain result significance.
Negative Gram stain suggests no bacterial infection.
Chest X-ray findings.
Consolidation in multiple lobes indicates infection.
Absence of pleural effusion significance.
No pleural effusion suggests no significant fluid accumulation.
Potassium (K+) level relevance.
K+ level of 4.5 mmol/L is normal.
Creatinine (Crea) level inference.
Crea level of 80 umol/L is normal.
Role of ABG analysis.
Assesses oxygenation and acid-base balance.
Bicarbonate (HCO3) level relevance.
HCO3 level of 29 mmol/L is normal.
Calcium (Ca+) level significance.
Ca+ level of 2.17 mmol/L is normal.
Magnesium (Mg) level relevance.
Mg level of 0.7 mmol/L is normal.
Priority nursing diagnoses.
Diagnoses include Impaired gas exchange and Risk for infection.
Fluid intake management.
Increase fluid intake to 3L/day.
Initial activity recommendations.
Bed rest, increasing as tolerated.
Suggested medications.
Antibiotics, antitussives, and bronchodilators.
Importance of vaccinations.
Prevent further infections and support recovery.
Nursing interventions for protection.
Frequent assessments and hygiene.
When to initiate isolation precautions.
For high-risk pneumonia patients or those showing symptoms.
Significance of ambulating patients.
Promotes circulation and prevents complications.
Role of positional changes.
Prevents pressure ulcers and improves lung expansion.
Frequency of vital signs assessments.
Based on disease severity.
Nursing interventions for IV medications.
Administer IV meds and maintain airway.
Managing airway and oxygenation.
Maintain patent airway and adequate oxygenation.
Preventing aspiration.
Encourage high-calorie soft foods.
Importance of hand hygiene.
Prevents infection and ensures safety.
Monitoring for respiratory care.
Monitor vital signs and respiratory status.
Benefits of incentive spirometry.
Encourages deep breathing and prevents complications.
Nurse’s role in administering vaccines.
Educate and administer vaccines.
CDC pneumonia vaccine recommendations.
For all children under 2 and adults over 65.
Types of pneumonia vaccines.
Polyvalent (Pneumovax) for adults; Prevnar 13 for children.
Encouraging patient rest.
Encourage rest to promote recovery.
Treatment options for pneumonia.
Bacterial: antibiotics; viral: antivirals; fungal: antifungals.
Determining pneumonia cause.
Use tests, history, and symptoms.
Role of pharmacology in pneumonia.
Uses medications to target pathogens.
Care plan considerations for pneumonia.
Consider type, history, and drug interactions.
Evaluating pneumonia interventions.
Monitor symptoms and treatment response.
Desired outcomes for pneumonia treatment.
Symptom resolution and improved function.
Condition of Mrs. Baker at discharge.
Completed IV antibiotics, improved SpO2 at 92%.
Significance of SpO2 level at discharge.
SpO2 of 92% indicates readiness for discharge.
Discharge teaching for Mrs. Baker.
Medication management and signs of complications.
Importance of follow-up chest x-rays.
Assess treatment effectiveness.
Resources for nursing students.
Refer to ‘100 Case Studies in Pathophysiology’.
Ensuring smooth recovery at home.
Adhere to medications and monitor symptoms.
