Week 2 Pharmacology Flashcards
List the ten rights of medication administration.
Right patient, medication, dose, route, time, reason, documentation, response, education, and refusal.
Describe the nursing process in pharmacology.
Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation for safe medication administration.
Define pharmacology and its components.
Study of drugs, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics.
Importance of monitoring therapy effectiveness.
Ensures desired outcomes and identifies adverse effects.
Describe adverse drug events and reactions.
Injuries from drug use and harmful responses at normal doses.
Legal and ethical considerations in medication administration.
Informed consent, regulations, confidentiality, and scope of practice.
List the four primary sources of drugs.
Plants, animals, minerals, and synthetic compounds.
Steps in new drug development.
Discovery, preclinical testing, clinical trials, regulatory review, and post-marketing surveillance.
Medication considerations for older adults.
Assess for polypharmacy, altered pharmacokinetics, and increased drug sensitivity.
Intersectionality in pharmacology and nursing.
Recognizes how social identities impact patient care and medication responses.
Nursing process in professional practice.
Research-based framework requiring critical thinking.
Critical thinking in the nursing process.
Essential for clinical reasoning and effective patient care.
Nursing process as an evolving process.
Ongoing adaptation to new information and patient needs.
Step-by-step process in medication administration.
Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
Define the assessment phase in medication administration.
Collecting patient data for medication history.
Nursing diagnosis related to drug therapy.
Communicates patient experience focusing on knowledge, injury risk, and nonadherence.
Common nursing diagnoses in drug therapy.
Deficient knowledge, risk of injury, and nonadherence.
Importance of each phase in medication administration.
Critical for accurate and effective medication administration.
Assessment methods in medication administration.
Collect relevant patient data for safe medication administration.
Data necessary for medication preparation.
Patient’s medication history, current medications, allergies, and health conditions.
Goals in the planning phase of nursing care.
Objective, measurable, realistic goals with a specific timeframe.
Define outcome criteria in nursing.
Concrete descriptions of patient goals and behavior expectations.
Implementing nursing actions.
Based on judgment and knowledge, ensuring patient safety.
List the Ten Rights of Medication Administration.
- Right dose 2. Right route 3. Right time 4. Right individual 5. Right medication 6. Right education 7. Right ‘cure’ 8. Right assessment 9. Right refusal 10. Right documentation.
What is the importance of patient safety in nursing implementation?
Patient safety is paramount and should guide the initiation and completion of specific nursing actions.
Importance of patient safety in nursing.
Guides nursing actions for patient safety.
Using outcome criteria in patient progress.
Standard for measuring movement toward patient goals.
Significance of measurable goals in nursing.
Allows tracking progress and effectiveness of interventions.
What does ‘DR. TIMECARD’ represent?
Mnemonic for the Ten Rights of Medication Administration.
What role does the nurse’s judgment play in the implementation phase?
The nurse’s judgment is crucial in determining the appropriate nursing actions based on their knowledge and scope of practice.
Nurse’s judgment in implementation.
Crucial for determining appropriate nursing actions.
Describe the 3 P’s of Medication Administration.
Pick, Pour, and Put (away).
What is the purpose of monitoring a patient’s response to drug therapy?
Monitoring a patient’s response to drug therapy helps assess the therapeutic, expected, and toxic responses to the medication.
Purpose of monitoring drug therapy response.
Assess therapeutic and toxic responses to medication.
Importance of documentation in nursing.
Accurate, clear, and concise for effective communication.
What does ongoing evaluation involve in nursing care?
Ongoing evaluation involves continuously assessing the patient’s progress towards the established goals and outcomes of care.
Describe the significance of the 1-hour rule in monitoring medication effects.
The 1-hour rule emphasizes the importance of checking clinical responses to medication within one hour to assess effectiveness and identify any adverse effects.
Medical equipment for cognitive dysfunction.
Vital signs monitors, pulse oximeters, and pain assessment tools.
Define objective data in the context of patient assessment.
Objective data refers to measurable and observable information, such as vital signs, physical examination findings, and laboratory results.
Define subjective data in the context of patient assessment.
Subjective data includes information reported by the patient or family, such as feelings, perceptions, and experiences, like pain levels.
How does the patient’s history of dysphagia impact nursing care?
The history of dysphagia necessitates careful monitoring of the patient’s ability to swallow and may require modifications in diet or feeding methods to prevent aspiration.
What are the potential nursing diagnoses for a patient with cognitive dysfunction and a high pain level?
Potential nursing diagnoses may include Acute Pain, Impaired Cognitive Function, and Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity due to the pressure ulcer.
Prioritizing care for high pulse and respiratory rates.
Address respiratory distress and pain management first.
Additional assessments for cognitive dysfunction.
Neurological exam, pain assessment, hydration, and nutrition.
Importance of family input in assessment.
Provides insights into patient’s condition and experiences.
Assessing pain severity effectively.
Use standardized pain scales and ask about pain characteristics.
Describe the orders listed in the MAR for the patient.
The patient has orders for Acetaminophen 325 - 650mg PO every 2 hours as needed (PRN) and Morphine 5mg IV every 4 hours as needed (PRN).
How would you choose between Acetaminophen and Morphine for analgesic administration?
The choice between Acetaminophen and Morphine would depend on the severity of the patient’s pain, the patient’s medical history, and any contraindications to either medication.
Define the preparation steps for administering Morphine IV.
To prepare Morphine IV, verify the order, gather the necessary supplies, check the medication for expiration, and ensure proper dilution if required before administration.
What nursing assessments are important before administering analgesic medication?
Important nursing assessments include evaluating the patient’s pain level, checking vital signs, assessing for allergies, and reviewing the patient’s medical history.
How should patient or family teaching be conducted regarding analgesic administration?
Patient or family teaching should include information on the purpose of the medication, potential side effects, the importance of reporting pain levels, and instructions on when to seek help.
Define pharmacology.
Study or science of drugs.
What is a drug?
A chemical affecting physiological processes of a living organism.
How are drugs classified?
Based on similar properties, grouped by therapeutic and pharmacologic class.
What additional responsibilities are required after administering analgesic medication?
Additional responsibilities include documenting the administration, monitoring for adverse reactions, and communicating with the healthcare team about the patient’s response.
Response to patient refusing enteric-coated ibuprofen.
Call pharmacy for liquid form.
Describe what a drug is.
A drug is any chemical that affects the physiological processes of a living organism.
Nursing considerations in medication administration.
Assess condition, monitor reactions, ensure dosing, and educate.
Contraindications section of a medication card.
Lists conditions making medication use inadvisable.
Define pharmaceutics.
Science of preparing and dispensing drugs.
Describe pharmacokinetics.
Study of how the body alters the drug.
What does the term ‘drug classification’ refer to?
Drug classification refers to the grouping of drugs together based on their similar properties.
Describe the components of a medication card.
A medication card typically includes the generic name (trade name), pharmacological/therapeutic class, mechanism of action, dosing (adult and pediatric), common routes, indications, contraindications, adverse reactions/side effects, nursing considerations, and patient/family teaching.
Purpose of enteric-coated tablets.
Protect drug from stomach release; dissolve in intestines.
How should a nurse respond if a patient refuses to take enteric-coated ibuprofen due to difficulty swallowing?
The most appropriate action is to call the pharmacy and ask for the liquid form of ibuprofen.
Reasons for multiple drug delivery systems.
Cater to patient needs, drug properties, and therapeutic goals.
What are nursing considerations when administering medications?
Nursing considerations include assessing the patient’s condition, monitoring for adverse reactions, ensuring proper dosing, and providing education on the medication.
Nursing considerations for drug administration.
Monitor side effects, ensure correct dosage, and understand routes.
Drug absorption process.
Movement from administration site into bloodstream.
Bioavailability in drug absorption.
Extent of drug absorption into systemic circulation.
First-pass route in drug metabolism.
Drug absorbed and metabolized by the liver before systemic circulation.
Non-first pass routes of drug administration.
Sublingual, buccal, parenteral, topical, transdermal, inhalation.
Key processes in pharmacokinetics.
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Describe pharmacokinetics.
The study of how the body alters the drug.
Explain pharmacodynamics.
The study of how the drug alters the body.
What is pharmacotherapeutics?
The branch of pharmacology that deals with the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs.
List some dosage forms of drugs.
Tablets, capsules, injections, and patches.
Examples of topical drug administration.
Skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, rectum, vagina.
What are parenteral dosage forms?
Forms of drug delivery that bypass the gastrointestinal tract, such as injections.
Characteristics of intravenous (IV) drug administration.
Fastest route; direct delivery into blood circulation.
What is the purpose of enteric-coated tablets?
To protect the drug from being released in the stomach and to ensure it dissolves in the intestines.
Parenteral routes of drug administration.
Intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intrathecal, intra-articular, intraosseous, epidural.
Define parenteral route in drug administration.
Methods bypassing gastrointestinal tract for direct drug delivery.
Discuss the reasons for having multiple types of drug delivery systems.
Different types of delivery systems cater to various patient needs, drug properties, and therapeutic goals.
Sublingual (SL) drug administration.
Placing drug under tongue for absorption.
What are some disadvantages of parenteral drug delivery?
Invasiveness, potential for infection, and the need for skilled administration.
Significance of rectal (PR) drug administration.
Useful for patients unable to take medications orally.
Describe the situation involving the patient and the medication ordered.
The patient is experiencing acute shortness of breath, and the physician ordered Furosemide (Lasix) 80mg IV stat as a single dose.
Role of transdermal patches in drug delivery.
Deliver medication through skin for systemic absorption.
Define pharmacokinetics in the context of drug administration.
Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body alters the drug, including processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Inhalation as a drug administration method.
Absorbs drugs through lungs for rapid effects.
What is bioavailability in relation to drug absorption?
Bioavailability is the extent of absorption of a drug into the systemic circulation.
Process of drug distribution in pharmacokinetics.
Transport of drug by bloodstream to site of action.
List some non-first pass routes of drug administration.
Non-first pass routes include sublingual and buccal routes, parenteral route, topical route, transdermal route, and inhalation route.
Factors affecting drug distribution.
Blood volume, flow, transport proteins, and body composition.
How does the route of administration affect drug absorption?
The route of administration affects drug absorption by determining how quickly and efficiently the drug enters the bloodstream, with some routes providing faster absorption than others.
Define metabolism in pharmacokinetics.
Biochemical alteration of a drug into metabolites.
Role of the liver in drug metabolism.
Common site for drug breakdown via cytochrome P450 system.
Identify examples of topical drug administration.
Skin (including transdermal patches), Eyes, Ears, Nose, Lungs (inhalation), Rectum, Vagina.
Explain the characteristics of intravenous (IV) drug administration.
Intravenous (IV) is the fastest route due to direct delivery into the blood circulation.
Outcomes of drug metabolism.
Formation of inactive, soluble, potent, or less active metabolites.
Define the term ‘parenteral route’ in drug administration.
Parenteral route refers to drug administration methods that bypass the gastrointestinal tract, delivering drugs directly into the body.
Process of drug excretion.
Elimination of drugs, primarily through kidneys.
What is the significance of rectal (PR) drug administration?
Rectal (PR) administration allows for drug absorption through the rectal mucosa, useful for patients who cannot take medications orally.
Describe the role of transdermal patches in drug delivery.
Transdermal patches deliver medication through the skin for systemic absorption, providing a controlled release of the drug.
Significance of renal failure in drug metabolism.
Risk of toxic metabolite accumulation due to impaired excretion.
Describe the process of drug distribution in pharmacokinetics.
Drug distribution refers to the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action.
Define half-life in pharmacokinetics.
Time for serum drug levels to reduce by 50% during elimination.
Define metabolism in the context of pharmacokinetics.
Metabolism, or biotransformation, is the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent metabolite, or a less active metabolite.
Onset in pharmacokinetics.
Time to achieve therapeutic response after drug administration.
How does the cytochrome P450 system contribute to drug metabolism?
The cytochrome P450 system in the liver is responsible for breaking down drugs into various metabolites.
Peak in pharmacokinetics.
Time for maximal therapeutic response; highest blood level.
Describe the process of drug excretion.
Drug excretion is the elimination of drugs from the body, primarily through the kidneys via glomerular filtration, active tubular reabsorption, and active tubular secretion. The liver and bowel can also contribute to excretion.
Duration in pharmacokinetics.
Length of time drug concentration is sufficient for effect.
Explain the significance of renal failure in drug metabolism.
In patients with renal failure, there is a risk of accumulating toxic levels of drug metabolites due to impaired excretion.
Define trough in pharmacokinetics.
Lowest blood level of a drug before next dose.
What is meant by the term ‘onset’ in pharmacokinetics?
Onset refers to the time required to achieve a therapeutic response after administering a drug.
Toxicity in pharmacokinetics.
Occurs when peak blood level is too high, causing harm.
What does duration refer to in the context of pharmacokinetics?
Duration is the length of time that the drug concentration remains sufficient to produce a therapeutic effect.
How drugs exert actions in pharmacodynamics.
Through receptor interactions, enzyme interactions, and nonselective actions.
Explain what toxicity means in pharmacokinetics.
Toxicity occurs when the peak blood level of a drug is too high, leading to harmful effects.
Focus of pharmacodynamics.
How drugs alter the body and their physiological effects.
What is the focus of pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacodynamics focuses on how the drug alters the body and its physiological effects.
Types of drug therapy.
Acute, maintenance, supplemental, palliative, supportive, prophylactic, empirical, and therapeutic.
Define medication errors.
Medication errors are defined as any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care provider, patient, or consumer.
Define medication errors.
Preventable events causing inappropriate medication use or harm.
What factors influence drug effects?
Factors influencing drug effects include drug interactions, tolerance and dependence, drug concentration, patient condition, and teratogenic effects.
Drug interactions and medication efficacy.
Can lead to synergistic, antagonistic effects, or incompatibility.
What is the significance of monitoring in pharmacotherapeutics?
Monitoring is crucial in pharmacotherapeutics to ensure the effectiveness of the drug therapy and to identify any adverse effects or complications.
Factors influencing drug effects.
Interactions, tolerance, concentration, patient condition, and teratogenic effects.
How does tolerance develop in patients using medication?
Tolerance develops when a patient requires increasingly higher doses of a medication to achieve the same therapeutic effect due to prolonged use.
Concept of therapeutic effect.
Desired, beneficial effect of medication on condition.
Significance of monitoring in pharmacotherapeutics.
Ensures drug therapy effectiveness and identifies adverse effects.
What are high alert medications?
High alert medications are drugs that have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when they are used in error.
How can independent double-checks help prevent medication errors?
Independent double-checks involve having a second healthcare professional verify the medication and dosage before administration, which can help prevent errors.
Explain the concept of teratogenic effect.
A teratogenic effect refers to the potential of a drug to cause developmental abnormalities in a fetus when taken by a pregnant individual.
What are high alert medications?
Drugs with heightened risk of significant patient harm if used in error.
Concept of teratogenic effect.
Potential to cause developmental abnormalities in a fetus.
Define the Canadian Food and Drug Act.
The Canadian Food and Drug Act is legislation that regulates the safety and efficacy of food, drugs, and health products in Canada.
How should a nurse respond if a client refuses medication according to CRNA standards?
The nurse should respect the client’s decision, provide information about the medication, and document the refusal appropriately.
Define the Canadian Food and Drug Act.
Regulates safety and efficacy of food, drugs, and health products.
What is complementary therapy?
Complementary therapy refers to treatments used alongside conventional medicine to enhance its effectiveness.
Nurse’s response to client refusing medication.
Respect decision, provide information, and document refusal.
Define complementary therapy.
Treatments used alongside conventional medicine.
What are the CARNA Medication Management Standards?
The CARNA Medication Management Standards are guidelines established by the College and Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta to ensure safe and effective medication administration.
Define alternative therapy.
Treatments used instead of conventional medicine.
Natural health products and RN’s role.
Includes herbal remedies; RN ensures safety and promotes evidence-informed practices.
What is the significance of the CNA Code of Ethics in nursing?
The CNA Code of Ethics provides a framework for ethical decision-making and professional conduct for nurses in Canada.
How do case law and common law affect professional nursing practice?
Case law and common law influence nursing practice by establishing legal precedents that nurses must follow in their professional conduct.
Importance of accreditation in nursing practice.
Ensures healthcare facilities meet standards for quality care.
Case law and common law in nursing practice.
Establish legal precedents that influence professional conduct.
Describe the considerations for older adult patients in nursing.
Older adults, defined as those older than 65, often experience high use of medications, polypharmacy, increased incidence of chronic illnesses, and sensory and motor deficits.
Define polypharmacy and its relevance to older adults.
Polypharmacy refers to the concurrent use of multiple medications by a patient, which is particularly relevant for older adults due to their high medication use and the risk of adverse drug interactions.
Define polypharmacy and its relevance.
Concurrent use of multiple medications, relevant for older adults.
Sensory and motor deficits in older adults.
Affect communication, understanding, and daily activities.
Factors in caring for pediatric patients.
Developmental stages, communication needs, and illness impact.
Chronic illnesses in older adults.
Hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease.
List some nursing considerations for pregnant patients.
Nursing considerations for pregnant patients include monitoring maternal and fetal health, managing pregnancy-related conditions, and providing education on prenatal care.
