Week 2 Pharmacology FITB Flashcards
The right refusal allows patients to decline treatment, ensuring their ____ and ____ are respected.
autonomy, rights
In medication administration, the 3 P’s stand for Pick, Pour, and _____.
Put (away)
A drug is any chemical that affects the ____ processes of a living organism and is studied in the field of _____.
physiological, pharmacology
The chemical name of a drug describes its chemical ____ and ____ structure.
composition, molecular
The generic name of a drug is also known as its ____ name and is approved by ____ Canada.
nonproprietary, Health
A brand name of a drug is a registered ____ and its use is restricted by the drug’s ____ owner.
trademark, patent
According to Paracelsus, ‘All things are poison, and nothing is without poison; the ____ alone makes it so a thing is not a poison.’
dosage
Drugs can be classified based on their similar properties and by their therapeutic and ____ class.
pharmacologic
The broadest term for the study or science of drugs is called ____ and it encompasses various aspects of drug ____ and development.
pharmacology, classification
Pharmaceutics involves the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including ____ and ____.
dosage, design
Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body alters the drug, while pharmacodynamics refers to how the drug alters the ____ and ____.
body, its functions
The four main terms in pharmacology include pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and ____.
pharmacotherapeutics
The term ‘bioavailability’ refers to the extent of ____ and is crucial for understanding ____ of drugs.
absorption, pharmacokinetics
Drugs administered via the enteral route undergo a process called ____ which can affect their ____ in the body.
first-pass metabolism, effectiveness
Non-first pass routes include sublingual, buccal, and ____ routes, which allow for ____ absorption into the bloodstream.
parenteral, direct
The pharmacokinetic processes include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and ____, which are essential for understanding how drugs work in the body.
excretion
If a drug is absorbed by the stomach or intestines, it is considered to follow the ____ route, impacting its ____ in the body.
enteral, bioavailability
Inhalation and transdermal routes are examples of ____ routes that bypass the first-pass effect, leading to ____ absorption.
non-first pass, faster
The drug can be absorbed through the oral mucosa or the mucosa of the _____, _____, or large intestine.
stomach, small intestine
The fastest parenteral route for drug delivery is _____, while other routes include intramuscular (IM) and _____, _____.
intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), intradermal (ID)
In addition to intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM), parenteral routes include _____, _____, and intrathecal.
subcutaneous (SC), intra-articular
The process of ____ involves the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of ____.
distribution, action
Factors affecting drug distribution include blood volume, blood flow, and ____ proteins, as well as body mass ____.
transport, composition
Metabolism, also known as biotransformation, alters a drug into an inactive metabolite or a more ____ compound, among other forms.
soluble
The liver is the most common site of drug ____, where it breaks down drugs via the ____ P450 system.
metabolism, cytochrome
The liver can convert drugs into a more potent metabolite or a ____ active metabolite during the ____ process.
less, metabolism
Factors that can affect drug metabolism include the presence of certain enzymes and the overall health of the ____ as well as genetic factors.
liver, genetic
The biochemical alteration of a drug can result in either a more potent metabolite or an ____ metabolite, depending on various factors.
inactive
The primary organ responsible for drug excretion is the _____, which eliminates drugs via _____ and secretion.
kidneys, glomerular filtration
In pharmacokinetics, the time required for serum drug levels to be reduced by 50% is known as the drug’s _____, while the time for maximal therapeutic response is called the _____.
half-life, peak
If a patient has renal failure, they are at risk for accumulating toxic levels of drug metabolites due to impaired _____ and _____ of drugs.
excretion, elimination
The lowest blood level of a drug is referred to as the _____, while the length of time that drug concentration is sufficient is known as the _____.
trough, duration
Pharmacodynamics focuses on how a drug alters the body through _____ interactions, _____ interactions, and _____ actions.
receptor, enzyme, nonselective
The time required to achieve a therapeutic response after drug administration is called the drug’s _____, while toxicity occurs if the _____ blood level is too high.
onset, peak
Drug interactions can be classified into ____ effect, ____ effect, and ____.
synergistic, antagonistic, incompatibility
Factors influencing drug effects include drug concentration, patient condition, and ____ effect, as well as ____ and ____.
teratogenic, tolerance, dependence
Types of drug therapy include acute, maintenance, and ____ therapy, as well as ____ and ____ therapy.
supplemental, palliative, supportive
The therapeutic effect of a drug is its intended effect, while the ____ effect refers to unintended consequences, including ____ effects.
adverse, idiosyncratic
Medication errors are defined as any preventable event that may cause inappropriate medication use or ____ while the medication is in the control of ____ or ____.
patient harm, health care provider, consumer
According to the CRNA standards, if a client refuses medication, the nurse should ____ and ____.
document the refusal, inform the physician
The Canadian Food and Drug Act regulates ____ and ____ in Canada.
food safety, drug approval
A complimentary therapy is different from an alternative therapy because it ____ while an alternative therapy ____.
works alongside conventional medicine, replaces conventional medicine
Older adults are defined as individuals who are ____ years and older, often experiencing ____ use of medications.
65, high
Common considerations for older adult patients include ____ illnesses and ____ deficits.
chronic, sensory and motor
Polypharmacy refers to the ____ of medications, which is common in older adults due to ____ health conditions.
high use, chronic
