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Theory > Week 2 Fluids FITB > Flashcards

Week 2 Fluids FITB Flashcards

1
Q

The major body fluid compartments include the ____ and ____ compartments.

A

intracellular, extracellular

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2
Q

Regulation of water and electrolytes involves processes such as ____ and ____ movement.

A

osmosis, diffusion

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3
Q

Common disorders related to water balance include water ____ and water ____.

A

excess, deficit

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4
Q

Sodium imbalances can lead to conditions like ____ and ____.

A

hypernatremia, hyponatremia

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5
Q

Potassium imbalances are categorized as ____ and ____ imbalances.

A

hyperkalemia, hypokalemia

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6
Q

Magnesium imbalances can be classified as ____ and ____ imbalances.

A

hypermagnesemia, hypomagnesemia

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7
Q

Calcium imbalances include conditions such as ____ and ____.

A

hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia

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8
Q

Phosphate imbalances are referred to as ____ and ____ imbalances.

A

hyperphosphatemia, hypophosphatemia

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9
Q

Acid-base regulation processes are essential for maintaining ____ and ____ balance.

A

pH, electrolyte

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10
Q

Common intravenous fluid solutions are used for hydration and to correct ____ and ____ imbalances.

A

electrolyte, volume

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11
Q

The state of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body is known as ____ and is maintained by ____ responses.

A

Homeostasis, adaptive

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12
Q

Infants have a water content of ____ to ____ of their body weight, while adults have ____ to ____ percent.

A

70%, 80%, 50%, 60%

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13
Q

Older adults typically have a water content of ____ to ____ percent of their body weight, which is ____ than that of infants.

A

45%, 55%, lower

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14
Q

Ways we lose water include ____ loss and ____ loss, which are categorized as ____ and ____ loss.

A

insensible, sensible, insensible, sensible

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15
Q

The water content of the body varies with factors such as ____, ____, and ____.

A

gender, body mass, age

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16
Q

Maintaining balance in the body involves managing the intake of fluids and the ____ of fluids, which is essential for ____ and ____.

A

output, health, survival

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17
Q

The two main types of fluid compartments in the body are ____ and ____.

A

Intracellular Fluid (ICF), Extracellular Fluids (ECF)

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18
Q

Extracellular fluids include ____ and ____.

A

Intravascular fluid, Interstitial fluid

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19
Q

Cations are ____ charged particles, while anions are ____ charged particles.

A

positively, negatively

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20
Q

Examples of cations include sodium Na+ and ____ while examples of anions include bicarbonate HCO3- and ____.

A

potassium K+, chloride Cl-

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21
Q

The measurement of electrolytes is important for evaluating ____ balance and determining the composition of ____ preparations.

A

electrolyte, electrolyte

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22
Q

Intracellular fluid is primarily found in the ____ while extracellular fluid includes plasma and ____.

A

cells, interstitial fluid

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23
Q

Sodium Na+ is primarily found in the ____ fluid compartment, while potassium K+ is found in the ____ fluid compartment.

A

extracellular, intracellular

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24
Q

Calcium Ca+ and magnesium Mg+ are examples of ____ found in the body, while bicarbonate HCO3- and phosphate PO4- are examples of ____.

A

cations, anions

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25
Q

Diffusion is a process that is ____ and requires ____ energy.

A

passive, no

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26
Q

Facilitated diffusion uses a ____ carrier in the cell membrane and requires ____ energy.

A

protein, no

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27
Q

Active transport moves molecules ____ the concentration gradient and requires ____ energy.

A

against, energy

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28
Q

Osmosis involves the movement of ____ between two compartments separated by a ____ membrane.

A

fluid, semipermeable

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29
Q

In osmosis, water moves from an area of ____ solute concentration to an area of ____ solute concentration.

A

low, high

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30
Q

Osmotic pressure is the amount of pressure required to stop the ____ flow of fluid.

A

osmotic

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31
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is the force within a fluid compartment, while oncotic pressure is the pressure exerted by ____ and ____ in solution.

A

colloids, large molecules

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32
Q

When the pressure inside a capillary is greater than the pressure in the interstitial space, solutes and fluid move ____ into the ____ space.

A

OUT, interstitial

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33
Q

Albumin is known as a ‘water magnet’ because it has a strong ____ pressure that pulls fluid into the ____.

A

pulling, vessel

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34
Q

Causes of hypoalbuminemia include anorexia, malnutrition, and ____; it can lead to clinical manifestations such as ____ and fatigue.

A

starvation, edema

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35
Q

Increased levels of albumin in the blood result in a greater ‘pull’ of fluid into the vessel, while decreased levels can cause ____ and ____ due to low oncotic pressure.

A

edema, delayed healing

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36
Q

Clinical manifestations of low albumin levels can include anemia, muscle loss, and ____ due to the breakdown of body tissue to meet protein needs.

A

fatigue

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37
Q

Osmotic pressure is also referred to as ____ pressure, which is crucial for fluid movement in the body.

A

oncotic

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38
Q

Theoretically, there is ____ net fluid shift between compartments, and the types of IV fluids include Lactated Ringers and _____.

A

no, 0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline)

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39
Q

Water moves from ECF to ICF by _____, and ½ (0.45%) NaCl has ____ solutes than fluid.

A

osmosis, more

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40
Q

Hypertonic solutions like 3% NaCl initially expand and raise the osmolality of _____, while hypotonic solutions like ½ NaCl have ____ solutes than fluid.

A

ECF, more

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41
Q

Fluid imbalance can be caused by abnormal loss of normal body fluids such as diarrhea and ____ drainage, or inadequate ____.

A

fistula, intake

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42
Q

Treatment for fluid volume excess includes removing fluid without changing the electrolyte composition or osmolality of ____, while treatment for fluid volume deficit involves replacing water and ____ with balanced IV solutions.

A

ECF, electrolytes

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43
Q

Fluid spacing includes 1st, 2nd, and ____ spaces, and mechanisms controlling fluid and electrolyte movement involve shifts between ECF and ____.

A

3rd, ICF

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44
Q

The phrase ‘Hippos swell cells’ refers to the effects of ____ solutions, while ‘Iso - perfect’ describes ____ solutions.

A

hypotonic, isotonic

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45
Q

Fluid volume excess is also known as _____, while fluid volume deficit is referred to as _____.

A

hypervolemia, hypovolemia

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46
Q

The regulation of fluid balance involves the renal and adrenal systems, including ____ and ____.

A

RAAS, Aldosterone

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47
Q

The major role of sodium (Na+) includes maintaining ECF volume and ____ as well as generating and transmitting ____ impulses.

A

concentration, nerve

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48
Q

Hyponatremia can be caused by renal loss of sodium and excessive ____ intake, leading to symptoms like ____ and ____.

A

water, confusion, nausea

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49
Q

Management of hyponatremia may involve fluid restriction and replacement with sodium-containing ____ solutions.

A

solution

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50
Q

Hypernatremia can result from decreased ADH and significant fluid loss, leading to symptoms such as ____ and ____.

A

thirst, agitation

51
Q

In cases of hypernatremia, the primary protection mechanism is the sensation of ____ from the hypothalamus.

A

thirst

52
Q

The kidneys play a crucial role in fluid balance by reabsorbing Na+ and retaining ____ during hyponatremia.

A

H2O

53
Q

Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia include seizures and ____; management may require the use of ____ to treat the underlying cause.

A

coma, diuretics

54
Q

Fluid volume status must be considered when evaluating sodium levels because ____ follows ____ in the body.

A

water, salt

55
Q

The normal range for sodium (Na+) levels is between ____ and ____ mmol/L.

A

135, 145

56
Q

Fluid volume excess can lead to symptoms such as ____ and ____.

A

edema, hypertension

57
Q

To diagnose fluid volume excess, tests such as ____ and ____ may be ordered.

A

blood tests, urine tests

58
Q

In treating fluid volume excess, one might use ____ and ____ as part of the management plan.

A

diuretics, fluid restriction

59
Q

Potassium (K+) is crucial for ____ and ____ in the body.

A

nerve transmission, muscle contraction

60
Q

Hypokalemia can result from ____ or ____ losses.

A

renal, gastrointestinal

61
Q

Common manifestations of hypokalemia include ____ and ____ weakness.

A

skeletal muscle, respiratory muscle

62
Q

To manage hypokalemia, potassium can be administered via ____ or ____ methods.

A

oral, intravenous

63
Q

The normal range for potassium levels is ____ to ____ mmol/L.

A

3.5, 5.0

64
Q

The Na/K pump is essential for maintaining ____ and ____ in the body.

A

resting membrane potential, cardiac rhythm

65
Q

Sources of potassium include ____ and ____.

A

fruits, vegetables

66
Q

Hyperkalemia can lead to issues in the ____ and ____ systems, requiring ECG monitoring and possible dialysis.

A

cardiac, MSK

67
Q

To manage hyperkalemia, one should discontinue K+ intake and increase ____ elimination through diuretics or Kayexalate.

A

potassium

68
Q

Calcium is regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and ____; it plays a crucial role in muscle contraction and ____ contraction.

A

Vitamin D, cardiac

69
Q

In the skeletal system, 99%+ of calcium is combined with ____; this relationship is inversely related to ____ levels.

A

phosphorus, calcium

70
Q

Elevated ECF potassium can be reversed by administering calcium gluconate IV and forcing K+ from ECF to ICF using ____ or sodium bicarbonate.

A

IV insulin

71
Q

The normal range for potassium levels is between ____ and ____ mmol/L, with significant hyperkalemia requiring cardiac monitoring.

A

2.25, 2.75

72
Q

Sources of calcium include dairy products and ____; it is essential for blood clotting and ____ health.

A

green, leafy vegetables, bone

73
Q

Hyperkalemia can occur due to excessive intake of K+, impaired renal excretion, or a shift of K+ from ____ to ____ due to conditions like crush injury.

A

ICF, ECF

74
Q

Hypocalcemia can lead to symptoms such as ____ and ____.

A

nerve excitability, laryngeal stridor

75
Q

Common causes of hypocalcemia include ____ and ____.

A

acute pancreatitis, vitamin D deficiency

76
Q

Management of hypocalcemia may involve administering ____ and ____ supplements.

A

calcium, vitamin D

77
Q

Symptoms of hypercalcemia include ____ and ____.

A

confusion, cardiac arrhythmias

78
Q

To manage hypercalcemia, one might use ____ and ____ for treatment.

A

loop diuretics, isotonic saline infusion

79
Q

Hyperparathyroidism is a common cause of hypercalcemia, along with ____ and ____.

A

malignancy, vitamin D overdose

80
Q

Positive Trousseau’s sign and Chvostek’s sign are indicators of ____ and ____.

A

hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia

81
Q

In cases of hypocalcemia, muscle symptoms may include ____ and ____.

A

tetany, cramps

82
Q

Management of hypocalcemia includes treating pain and anxiety to prevent ____ and ____.

A

hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis

83
Q

The body regulates calcium levels through the action of ____ and ____.

A

parathyroid hormone, kidneys

84
Q

Phosphorus is essential for _____ function, _____ cell function, and the _____ system.

A

muscle, red blood, nervous

85
Q

Hyperphosphatemia is related to _____ or _____ renal failure, laxative overuse, and increased _____ usage.

A

acute, chronic, vitamin D

86
Q

Hypophosphatemia is usually related to _____, malabsorption, and _____ overuse.

A

malnutrition, antacid

87
Q

Magnesium is vital in _____ reactions and needed in _____ and RNA synthesis.

A

ATP, DNA

88
Q

Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include confusion, _____, and _____ dysrhythmias.

A

vertigo, cardiac

89
Q

Chvostek’s sign and Trousseau’s sign are manifestations of _____ due to low serum magnesium level.

A

hypomagnesemia

90
Q

Magnesium is regulated by GI absorption and _____ excretion.

A

renal

91
Q

Up to _____% of phosphorus is stored in the bone.

A

60

92
Q

The normal range for serum phosphorus is _____ to _____ mmol/L.

A

1.12, 1.45

93
Q

The normal range for serum magnesium is _____ to _____ mmol/L.

A

0.74, 1.07

94
Q

Hypermagnesemia can lead to symptoms such as ____ and ____.

A

hypotension, facial flushing

95
Q

Common manifestations of hypermagnesemia include ____ and ____.

A

lethargy or drowsiness, nausea/vomiting

96
Q

To manage hypermagnesemia, one should limit ____ and provide ____ for treatment.

A

magnesium-containing foods, IV calcium gluconate

97
Q

The normal pH range of blood is between ____ and ____.

A

7.35, 7.45

98
Q

The three systems that work together to maintain pH balance are the ____ system, ____ system, and ____ system.

A

buffer, respiratory, renal

99
Q

Acidosis is characterized by an increase in ____ ions, leading to a decrease in ____ levels.

A

hydrogen, pH

100
Q

In cases of hypermagnesemia, one may experience ____ or ____ as severe symptoms.

A

muscle paralysis, coma

101
Q

The acidity of body fluids is determined by the concentration of ____ ions, measured as ____.

A

hydrogen, pH

102
Q

To promote urinary excretion in hypermagnesemia, it is important to provide ____ and ____.

A

fluids, increased intake of magnesium

103
Q

The respiratory system helps maintain acid-base balance by regulating ____ levels and ____.

A

carbon dioxide, pH

104
Q

Patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and kidney disease frequently develop ____ - ____ imbalances due to ____ and ____ loss.

A

acid, base, vomiting, diarrhea

105
Q

The primary regulator of acid - base balance acts quickly and includes three major buffer systems: bicarbonate - carbonic acid, phosphate, and ____ buffers.

A

protein

106
Q

An increase in CO2 or H+ stimulates the ____ center, which can utilize ____ or ____ to regulate acid - base balance.

A

respiratory, hypoventilation, hyperventilation

107
Q

Long-term regulation of acid - base balance is managed by the kidneys, which eliminate nonvolatile acids and regulate ____ in ECF by selectively excreting or retaining ____ to maintain pH.

A

bicarbonate, H+

108
Q

The normal pH range of blood is between ____ and ____, indicating the acidity or basicity of blood.

A

7.35, 7.45

109
Q

The amount of dissolved O2 in blood, measured as paO2, should be between ____ and ____ mmHg to show efficiency of O2 transport.

A

75, 100

110
Q

The amount of dissolved CO2 in blood, indicated by paCO2, should be between ____ and ____ mmHg to show how efficiently CO2 is removed from the body.

A

35, 45

111
Q

HCO3 levels in the blood should range from ____ to ____ mmol/L, representing a form of CO2 transported to the lungs.

A

22, 26

112
Q

The degree to which hemoglobin in red blood cells is saturated with O2 is measured as SpO2, which should be between ____ and ____ percent.

A

94, 100

113
Q

Respiratory acidosis occurs due to ____ and is characterized by ____ in carbonic acid.

A

hypoventilation, excess

114
Q

Metabolic acidosis is caused by an accumulation of an acid other than carbonic acid or a loss of ____ from body fluids.

A

bicarbonate

115
Q

Prolonged vomiting can lead to ____ due to a loss of acid and a gain in ____.

A

metabolic alkalosis, bicarbonate

116
Q

Respiratory alkalosis occurs when there is ____ and results in a ____ of carbonic acid.

A

hyperventilation, deficit

117
Q

ABG’s are indicated to assess a patient’s ____ status and provide information about their ____ levels.

A

pH, acid-base

118
Q

In older adults, structural changes in the kidneys decrease the ability to ____ and loss of subcutaneous tissue leads to increased loss of ____.

A

conserve water, moisture

119
Q

The reduced thirst mechanism in older adults results in decreased ____ intake and can lead to fluid ____ imbalances.

A

fluid, electrolyte

120
Q

To prevent fluid and electrolyte imbalances in older patients, the nurse must assess for age-related changes and implement ____ accordingly, including monitoring ____ levels.

A

treatment, fluid

121
Q

Older adults may experience a decreased ability to conserve water due to ____ changes in the kidneys and a loss of ____ tissue.

A

structural, subcutaneous

122
Q

Nursing actions to manage fluid electrolyte imbalances in older patients include assessing for changes in ____ and ensuring adequate ____ intake.

A

hydration, fluid

123
Q

The loss of subcutaneous tissue in older adults can lead to increased loss of moisture and a decreased ability to ____ water, affecting their overall ____ balance.

A

conserve, fluid/electrolyte

124
Q

Older adults often have a reduced thirst mechanism, which can result in decreased fluid intake and potential ____ imbalances, requiring careful ____ by nurses.

A

electrolyte, assessment

Theory (18 decks)

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