Week 2 Fluids FITB Flashcards
The major body fluid compartments include the ____ and ____ compartments.
intracellular, extracellular
Regulation of water and electrolytes involves processes such as ____ and ____ movement.
osmosis, diffusion
Common disorders related to water balance include water ____ and water ____.
excess, deficit
Sodium imbalances can lead to conditions like ____ and ____.
hypernatremia, hyponatremia
Potassium imbalances are categorized as ____ and ____ imbalances.
hyperkalemia, hypokalemia
Magnesium imbalances can be classified as ____ and ____ imbalances.
hypermagnesemia, hypomagnesemia
Calcium imbalances include conditions such as ____ and ____.
hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia
Phosphate imbalances are referred to as ____ and ____ imbalances.
hyperphosphatemia, hypophosphatemia
Acid-base regulation processes are essential for maintaining ____ and ____ balance.
pH, electrolyte
Common intravenous fluid solutions are used for hydration and to correct ____ and ____ imbalances.
electrolyte, volume
The state of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body is known as ____ and is maintained by ____ responses.
Homeostasis, adaptive
Infants have a water content of ____ to ____ of their body weight, while adults have ____ to ____ percent.
70%, 80%, 50%, 60%
Older adults typically have a water content of ____ to ____ percent of their body weight, which is ____ than that of infants.
45%, 55%, lower
Ways we lose water include ____ loss and ____ loss, which are categorized as ____ and ____ loss.
insensible, sensible, insensible, sensible
The water content of the body varies with factors such as ____, ____, and ____.
gender, body mass, age
Maintaining balance in the body involves managing the intake of fluids and the ____ of fluids, which is essential for ____ and ____.
output, health, survival
The two main types of fluid compartments in the body are ____ and ____.
Intracellular Fluid (ICF), Extracellular Fluids (ECF)
Extracellular fluids include ____ and ____.
Intravascular fluid, Interstitial fluid
Cations are ____ charged particles, while anions are ____ charged particles.
positively, negatively
Examples of cations include sodium Na+ and ____ while examples of anions include bicarbonate HCO3- and ____.
potassium K+, chloride Cl-
The measurement of electrolytes is important for evaluating ____ balance and determining the composition of ____ preparations.
electrolyte, electrolyte
Intracellular fluid is primarily found in the ____ while extracellular fluid includes plasma and ____.
cells, interstitial fluid
Sodium Na+ is primarily found in the ____ fluid compartment, while potassium K+ is found in the ____ fluid compartment.
extracellular, intracellular
Calcium Ca+ and magnesium Mg+ are examples of ____ found in the body, while bicarbonate HCO3- and phosphate PO4- are examples of ____.
cations, anions
Diffusion is a process that is ____ and requires ____ energy.
passive, no
Facilitated diffusion uses a ____ carrier in the cell membrane and requires ____ energy.
protein, no
Active transport moves molecules ____ the concentration gradient and requires ____ energy.
against, energy
Osmosis involves the movement of ____ between two compartments separated by a ____ membrane.
fluid, semipermeable
In osmosis, water moves from an area of ____ solute concentration to an area of ____ solute concentration.
low, high
Osmotic pressure is the amount of pressure required to stop the ____ flow of fluid.
osmotic
Hydrostatic pressure is the force within a fluid compartment, while oncotic pressure is the pressure exerted by ____ and ____ in solution.
colloids, large molecules
When the pressure inside a capillary is greater than the pressure in the interstitial space, solutes and fluid move ____ into the ____ space.
OUT, interstitial
Albumin is known as a ‘water magnet’ because it has a strong ____ pressure that pulls fluid into the ____.
pulling, vessel
Causes of hypoalbuminemia include anorexia, malnutrition, and ____; it can lead to clinical manifestations such as ____ and fatigue.
starvation, edema
Increased levels of albumin in the blood result in a greater ‘pull’ of fluid into the vessel, while decreased levels can cause ____ and ____ due to low oncotic pressure.
edema, delayed healing
Clinical manifestations of low albumin levels can include anemia, muscle loss, and ____ due to the breakdown of body tissue to meet protein needs.
fatigue
Osmotic pressure is also referred to as ____ pressure, which is crucial for fluid movement in the body.
oncotic
Theoretically, there is ____ net fluid shift between compartments, and the types of IV fluids include Lactated Ringers and _____.
no, 0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline)
Water moves from ECF to ICF by _____, and ½ (0.45%) NaCl has ____ solutes than fluid.
osmosis, more
Hypertonic solutions like 3% NaCl initially expand and raise the osmolality of _____, while hypotonic solutions like ½ NaCl have ____ solutes than fluid.
ECF, more
Fluid imbalance can be caused by abnormal loss of normal body fluids such as diarrhea and ____ drainage, or inadequate ____.
fistula, intake
Treatment for fluid volume excess includes removing fluid without changing the electrolyte composition or osmolality of ____, while treatment for fluid volume deficit involves replacing water and ____ with balanced IV solutions.
ECF, electrolytes
Fluid spacing includes 1st, 2nd, and ____ spaces, and mechanisms controlling fluid and electrolyte movement involve shifts between ECF and ____.
3rd, ICF
The phrase ‘Hippos swell cells’ refers to the effects of ____ solutions, while ‘Iso - perfect’ describes ____ solutions.
hypotonic, isotonic
Fluid volume excess is also known as _____, while fluid volume deficit is referred to as _____.
hypervolemia, hypovolemia
The regulation of fluid balance involves the renal and adrenal systems, including ____ and ____.
RAAS, Aldosterone
The major role of sodium (Na+) includes maintaining ECF volume and ____ as well as generating and transmitting ____ impulses.
concentration, nerve
Hyponatremia can be caused by renal loss of sodium and excessive ____ intake, leading to symptoms like ____ and ____.
water, confusion, nausea
Management of hyponatremia may involve fluid restriction and replacement with sodium-containing ____ solutions.
solution
Hypernatremia can result from decreased ADH and significant fluid loss, leading to symptoms such as ____ and ____.
thirst, agitation
In cases of hypernatremia, the primary protection mechanism is the sensation of ____ from the hypothalamus.
thirst
The kidneys play a crucial role in fluid balance by reabsorbing Na+ and retaining ____ during hyponatremia.
H2O
Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia include seizures and ____; management may require the use of ____ to treat the underlying cause.
coma, diuretics
Fluid volume status must be considered when evaluating sodium levels because ____ follows ____ in the body.
water, salt
The normal range for sodium (Na+) levels is between ____ and ____ mmol/L.
135, 145
Fluid volume excess can lead to symptoms such as ____ and ____.
edema, hypertension
To diagnose fluid volume excess, tests such as ____ and ____ may be ordered.
blood tests, urine tests
In treating fluid volume excess, one might use ____ and ____ as part of the management plan.
diuretics, fluid restriction
Potassium (K+) is crucial for ____ and ____ in the body.
nerve transmission, muscle contraction
Hypokalemia can result from ____ or ____ losses.
renal, gastrointestinal
Common manifestations of hypokalemia include ____ and ____ weakness.
skeletal muscle, respiratory muscle
To manage hypokalemia, potassium can be administered via ____ or ____ methods.
oral, intravenous
The normal range for potassium levels is ____ to ____ mmol/L.
3.5, 5.0
The Na/K pump is essential for maintaining ____ and ____ in the body.
resting membrane potential, cardiac rhythm
Sources of potassium include ____ and ____.
fruits, vegetables
Hyperkalemia can lead to issues in the ____ and ____ systems, requiring ECG monitoring and possible dialysis.
cardiac, MSK
To manage hyperkalemia, one should discontinue K+ intake and increase ____ elimination through diuretics or Kayexalate.
potassium
Calcium is regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and ____; it plays a crucial role in muscle contraction and ____ contraction.
Vitamin D, cardiac
In the skeletal system, 99%+ of calcium is combined with ____; this relationship is inversely related to ____ levels.
phosphorus, calcium
Elevated ECF potassium can be reversed by administering calcium gluconate IV and forcing K+ from ECF to ICF using ____ or sodium bicarbonate.
IV insulin
The normal range for potassium levels is between ____ and ____ mmol/L, with significant hyperkalemia requiring cardiac monitoring.
2.25, 2.75
Sources of calcium include dairy products and ____; it is essential for blood clotting and ____ health.
green, leafy vegetables, bone
Hyperkalemia can occur due to excessive intake of K+, impaired renal excretion, or a shift of K+ from ____ to ____ due to conditions like crush injury.
ICF, ECF
Hypocalcemia can lead to symptoms such as ____ and ____.
nerve excitability, laryngeal stridor
Common causes of hypocalcemia include ____ and ____.
acute pancreatitis, vitamin D deficiency
Management of hypocalcemia may involve administering ____ and ____ supplements.
calcium, vitamin D
Symptoms of hypercalcemia include ____ and ____.
confusion, cardiac arrhythmias
To manage hypercalcemia, one might use ____ and ____ for treatment.
loop diuretics, isotonic saline infusion
Hyperparathyroidism is a common cause of hypercalcemia, along with ____ and ____.
malignancy, vitamin D overdose
Positive Trousseau’s sign and Chvostek’s sign are indicators of ____ and ____.
hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia
In cases of hypocalcemia, muscle symptoms may include ____ and ____.
tetany, cramps
Management of hypocalcemia includes treating pain and anxiety to prevent ____ and ____.
hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis
The body regulates calcium levels through the action of ____ and ____.
parathyroid hormone, kidneys
Phosphorus is essential for _____ function, _____ cell function, and the _____ system.
muscle, red blood, nervous
Hyperphosphatemia is related to _____ or _____ renal failure, laxative overuse, and increased _____ usage.
acute, chronic, vitamin D
Hypophosphatemia is usually related to _____, malabsorption, and _____ overuse.
malnutrition, antacid
Magnesium is vital in _____ reactions and needed in _____ and RNA synthesis.
ATP, DNA
Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include confusion, _____, and _____ dysrhythmias.
vertigo, cardiac
Chvostek’s sign and Trousseau’s sign are manifestations of _____ due to low serum magnesium level.
hypomagnesemia
Magnesium is regulated by GI absorption and _____ excretion.
renal
Up to _____% of phosphorus is stored in the bone.
60
The normal range for serum phosphorus is _____ to _____ mmol/L.
1.12, 1.45
The normal range for serum magnesium is _____ to _____ mmol/L.
0.74, 1.07
Hypermagnesemia can lead to symptoms such as ____ and ____.
hypotension, facial flushing
Common manifestations of hypermagnesemia include ____ and ____.
lethargy or drowsiness, nausea/vomiting
To manage hypermagnesemia, one should limit ____ and provide ____ for treatment.
magnesium-containing foods, IV calcium gluconate
The normal pH range of blood is between ____ and ____.
7.35, 7.45
The three systems that work together to maintain pH balance are the ____ system, ____ system, and ____ system.
buffer, respiratory, renal
Acidosis is characterized by an increase in ____ ions, leading to a decrease in ____ levels.
hydrogen, pH
In cases of hypermagnesemia, one may experience ____ or ____ as severe symptoms.
muscle paralysis, coma
The acidity of body fluids is determined by the concentration of ____ ions, measured as ____.
hydrogen, pH
To promote urinary excretion in hypermagnesemia, it is important to provide ____ and ____.
fluids, increased intake of magnesium
The respiratory system helps maintain acid-base balance by regulating ____ levels and ____.
carbon dioxide, pH
Patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and kidney disease frequently develop ____ - ____ imbalances due to ____ and ____ loss.
acid, base, vomiting, diarrhea
The primary regulator of acid - base balance acts quickly and includes three major buffer systems: bicarbonate - carbonic acid, phosphate, and ____ buffers.
protein
An increase in CO2 or H+ stimulates the ____ center, which can utilize ____ or ____ to regulate acid - base balance.
respiratory, hypoventilation, hyperventilation
Long-term regulation of acid - base balance is managed by the kidneys, which eliminate nonvolatile acids and regulate ____ in ECF by selectively excreting or retaining ____ to maintain pH.
bicarbonate, H+
The normal pH range of blood is between ____ and ____, indicating the acidity or basicity of blood.
7.35, 7.45
The amount of dissolved O2 in blood, measured as paO2, should be between ____ and ____ mmHg to show efficiency of O2 transport.
75, 100
The amount of dissolved CO2 in blood, indicated by paCO2, should be between ____ and ____ mmHg to show how efficiently CO2 is removed from the body.
35, 45
HCO3 levels in the blood should range from ____ to ____ mmol/L, representing a form of CO2 transported to the lungs.
22, 26
The degree to which hemoglobin in red blood cells is saturated with O2 is measured as SpO2, which should be between ____ and ____ percent.
94, 100
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to ____ and is characterized by ____ in carbonic acid.
hypoventilation, excess
Metabolic acidosis is caused by an accumulation of an acid other than carbonic acid or a loss of ____ from body fluids.
bicarbonate
Prolonged vomiting can lead to ____ due to a loss of acid and a gain in ____.
metabolic alkalosis, bicarbonate
Respiratory alkalosis occurs when there is ____ and results in a ____ of carbonic acid.
hyperventilation, deficit
ABG’s are indicated to assess a patient’s ____ status and provide information about their ____ levels.
pH, acid-base
In older adults, structural changes in the kidneys decrease the ability to ____ and loss of subcutaneous tissue leads to increased loss of ____.
conserve water, moisture
The reduced thirst mechanism in older adults results in decreased ____ intake and can lead to fluid ____ imbalances.
fluid, electrolyte
To prevent fluid and electrolyte imbalances in older patients, the nurse must assess for age-related changes and implement ____ accordingly, including monitoring ____ levels.
treatment, fluid
Older adults may experience a decreased ability to conserve water due to ____ changes in the kidneys and a loss of ____ tissue.
structural, subcutaneous
Nursing actions to manage fluid electrolyte imbalances in older patients include assessing for changes in ____ and ensuring adequate ____ intake.
hydration, fluid
The loss of subcutaneous tissue in older adults can lead to increased loss of moisture and a decreased ability to ____ water, affecting their overall ____ balance.
conserve, fluid/electrolyte
Older adults often have a reduced thirst mechanism, which can result in decreased fluid intake and potential ____ imbalances, requiring careful ____ by nurses.
electrolyte, assessment
