Gastrointestinal -GERD, PUD Flashcards
Main function of the GI system?
To supply nutrients to body cells through ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
Processes in the GI system?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
Structures in the GI system?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Assessment of the GI system?
Involves symptoms, physical examination, and diagnostic tests to evaluate function.
Purpose of GI diagnostics?
To identify conditions, assess function, and guide treatment.
What is GERD?
Backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and potential complications.
What is PUD?
Formation of ulcers in the stomach or duodenum, requiring diagnostics and treatment.
Types of IBD?
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, both causing gastrointestinal inflammation.
Diverticulitis vs. diverticulosis?
Diverticulitis is inflammation of diverticula; diverticulosis is their presence without inflammation.
Common laxatives?
Bulk-forming, osmotic, stimulant, and lubricant laxatives for constipation management.
What is colorectal cancer?
Malignant growths in the colon or rectum, requiring diagnostics and treatment.
What is cirrhosis?
Chronic liver disease with scarring and dysfunction, leading to various complications.
Role of the appetite center?
Located in the hypothalamus, stimulated by hypoglycemia, an empty stomach, and brain input.
What is deglutition?
The act of swallowing involving the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.
What is digestion?
Breakdown of food into absorbable substances, starting in the mouth and completed in the small intestine.
Stomach’s role in digestion?
Stores food, secretes digestive juices, mixes food, and empties chyme into the small intestine.
Function of the small intestine?
Digestion and absorption of nutrients into circulation.
Main functions of the large intestine?
Absorbs water and electrolytes, facilitates defecation.
Significance of the liver?
Largest internal organ, involved in metabolism-related manufacture, storage, transformation, and excretion.
What components make up the biliary tract?
The biliary tract includes the gallbladder and the duct system that transports bile.
What are the functions of the pancreas?
The pancreas helps with digestion and produces hormones like insulin and glucagon.
How is defecation controlled in the body?
Defecation is controlled through a reflex action that involves both voluntary and involuntary mechanisms.
What subjective data is important for GI health?
Includes health history, appetite, dysphagia, food intolerance, pain, nausea, vomiting, bowel habits, and nutrition.
What objective data should be collected for GI assessment?
Objective data includes assessment measurements such as height and weight.
Describe the causes of diarrhea.
Diarrhea can be caused by decreased fluid absorption, increased fluid secretion, and motility disturbances.
Explain the risks associated with diarrhea.
The risks of diarrhea include dehydration, hypokalemia, and infection.
Define vomiting and its relation to nausea.
Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of food from the stomach, often linked with nausea, the discomfort that triggers the urge to vomit.
How should acute diarrhea be treated until the cause is known?
Treat all acute diarrhea as infectious; use IV fluids for electrolyte and glucose replacement.
What are nursing interventions for diarrhea?
Monitor fluid intake/output, provide rehydration solutions, and educate on dietary changes.
Describe the characteristics of constipation.
Constipation involves infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and fecal retention.
Explain the complications that can arise from prolonged constipation.
Complications of prolonged or chronic constipation can include hemorrhoids and bowel obstructions.
What dietary changes can help treat constipation?
Increasing dietary fiber and fluid intake, encouraging physical activity, and considering laxatives can help treat constipation.
How does aging affect the gastrointestinal system?
Aging can cause periodontal disease, decreased taste, xerostomia, dysphagia, and reduced motility and secretions.
What are the signs of gastrointestinal problems in older adults?
Signs include stomach pain, bloating, loss of appetite, fewer bowel sounds, feeling pressure in the rectum, a lump in the abdomen, straining, and blood in stool.
What is xerostomia and how does it affect swallowing?
Xerostomia is dry mouth from low saliva, which can make swallowing hard and reduce appetite.
What are the age-related changes in the esophagus?
As people age, the esophagus has less tone and movement, takes longer to empty, and the lower esophageal sphincter may not work well.
Describe the purpose of a CBC in diagnostic testing.
A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is used to evaluate overall health and detect a variety of disorders, such as anemia, infection, and many other diseases.
Explain the significance of liver function tests in diagnostics.
Liver function tests measure enzymes and proteins in the blood to assess the liver’s health and detect liver damage or disease.
How does an abdominal ultrasound assist in medical diagnosis?
An abdominal ultrasound helps detect conditions such as an enlarged gallbladder or pancreas, gallstones, ectopic pregnancy, and appendicitis.
Define fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and its importance.
Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is a non-invasive test used to check for hidden blood in the stool, which can indicate gastrointestinal bleeding or cancer.
What are the common stool tests performed for gastrointestinal assessment?
Common stool tests include stool cultures for pathogens, fecal occult blood testing, and tests for clostridium difficile.
Do you know the role of Helicobacter Pylori in gastrointestinal health?
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium that can cause stomach pain, ulcers, and is associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer.
What is the purpose of colonoscopy preparation?
Colonoscopy preparation cleans the intestines for a clear view during the test, often needing diet changes and laxatives.
What are the diagnostic studies for the GI system?
Diagnostic studies for the GI system include X-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, MRIs, and endoscopy.
What is the significance of amylase and lipase in diagnostic testing?
Amylase and lipase are digestive enzymes specific to the pancreas, and their levels can indicate pancreatic disorders or inflammation.
How are liver enzymes related to liver health?
Liver enzymes like ALP, ALT, AST, and GGT show liver health. They enter the blood when the liver is damaged or stressed.
Why is biopsy important in GI diagnostics?
Biopsy helps identify if polyps are benign or cancerous and aids in diagnosing GI conditions.
Describe the role of imaging studies like CT and MRI in GI diagnostics.
CT and MRI provide detailed images of the gastrointestinal tract, helping to identify tumors, fluid collections, and other abnormalities.
What is the purpose of colonoscopy preparation?
Colonoscopy preparation clears the colon of stool using diet changes and possibly laxatives or enemas.
What is the role of sedation during a colonoscopy?
Sedation helps the patient relax and feel less discomfort during the procedure.
What is GERD?
GERD is a condition where stomach contents flow back into the esophagus, causing symptoms.
How is ERCP done?
ERCP involves using an endoscope to inject dye into ducts and take X-rays to check for problems.
Why is a signed consent form needed for a colonoscopy?
A signed consent form ensures the patient understands and agrees to the procedure.
What steps are involved in an ERCP?
Steps include guiding an endoscope, injecting dye, and taking X-rays to find issues.
What dietary recommendations are there before a colonoscopy?
Patients should eat a light meal the night before and may need to follow specific diet rules.
Who usually performs ERCP?
ERCP is typically done by specialists in surgery or gastroenterology.
What can be found during an ERCP?
Findings may include stones, blockages, or tumors in the ducts.
Why is cleansing the colon important before a colonoscopy?
Cleansing ensures clear visibility for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
What imaging technique is used in ERCP?
ERCP uses X-ray imaging to see the ducts after injecting contrast dye.
What is the main purpose of ERCP?
The main purpose is to diagnose and treat issues in the pancreatic and bile ducts.
What is the pathophysiology of GERD?
GERD involves stomach contents flowing back into the esophagus, often due to weak muscles.
What are common symptoms of GERD?
Common symptoms include chest burning, wheezing, and coughing.
What tests are used for GERD?
Tests include barium swallows and endoscopy.
What complications can arise from GERD?
Complications include esophagitis, strictures, and Barrett’s esophagus.
How does obesity affect GERD?
Obesity increases pressure in the abdomen, which can worsen GERD.
What is Barrett’s esophagus?
Barrett’s esophagus is a condition that raises the risk of esophageal cancer in GERD patients.
What symptoms can mimic a heart attack in GERD?
Symptoms like chest burning and regurgitation can feel like a heart attack.
What lifestyle changes can help manage GERD?
Lifestyle changes include diet adjustments, weight loss, and avoiding irritants.
How does drug therapy help with GERD?
Drug therapy improves muscle function and reduces acid in the esophagus.
What conditions can lead to GERD?
Conditions include hiatal hernia and weak esophageal muscles.
How does esophageal motility affect GERD?
Poor motility can make it hard to clear food from the esophagus, worsening GERD.
How do irritants affect esophagitis in GERD?
Chemical and physical irritants can worsen esophagitis in GERD patients.
What is the action of Pantoprazole?
Pantoprazole reduces stomach acid by blocking the proton pump in stomach cells.
What is Magnesium & Aluminum Hydroxide used for?
It is an antacid that neutralizes stomach acid for quick relief.
What is Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?
PUD is the erosion of the stomach lining due to stomach acid and pepsin.
How should GERD symptoms be managed?
Patients should eat small meals, stay upright after eating, and avoid certain antacids.
What are the contraindications for Diovol?
Diovol should not be used by those with allergies or severe kidney issues.
What are the side effects of Diovol?
Side effects include rebound hyperacidity.
What are the concerns with long-term Pantoprazole use?
Long-term use can lead to osteoporosis and kidney issues, especially in older adults.
How can Pantoprazole be given?
Pantoprazole can be taken by mouth or given through an IV.
What dietary recommendations should be avoided for GERD?
Patients should not reduce vegetable and water intake or drink coffee with every meal.
What is the role of antacids in protecting the stomach?
Antacids help neutralize stomach acid and support the stomach lining.
How can Pantoprazole affect bone health?
Long-term use may lead to osteoporosis, so monitoring bone health is important.
Why is monitoring kidney function important with Magnesium & Aluminum Hydroxide?
Monitoring is crucial because kidney issues can lead to high magnesium levels.
What changes occur in the mucosa with PUD?
PUD causes changes in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.
What is the pain pattern of a gastric ulcer?
Pain usually occurs 2 to 4 hours after meals and can be relieved by food or antacids.
What are the major complications of chronic PUD?
Major complications include bleeding, perforation, and blockage.
How do duodenal ulcers differ from gastric ulcers?
Duodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers.
What role does Helicobacter pylori play in PUD?
Helicobacter pylori is often found in patients with PUD and contributes to ulcer formation.
What tests are used for PUD?
Tests include stool examination, breath tests for H. pylori, endoscopy, and barium studies.
What are the symptoms of a duodenal ulcer?
Symptoms include pain in the stomach area, nausea, vomiting, and possible weight loss.
What are stress ulcers?
Stress ulcers can develop due to physical stress and are part of PUD.
How do lifestyle factors affect gastric ulcers?
Alcohol, nicotine, and NSAIDs can increase the risk of gastric ulcers.
What is the initial treatment for complications of chronic PUD?
Initial treatment is usually conservative, focusing on managing symptoms.
What procedure is commonly used to diagnose PUD?
Endoscopy is commonly used to see the gastrointestinal tract directly.
Why is it important to understand gastric and duodenal ulcers?
Understanding the differences helps in effective treatment and management of PUD.
What is the main goal of treatment for gastric issues?
The goal is to reduce stomach acid and protect the stomach lining.
How do proton pump inhibitors help with gastric conditions?
Proton pump inhibitors reduce stomach acid, helping to relieve symptoms and promote healing.
What are conservative therapy options for gastric issues?
Options include rest, diet changes, lifestyle adjustments, and medications.
How does surgery help with gastric complications?
Surgery can fix anatomical issues and prevent complications in gastric conditions.
