Week 4 Muscular System Flashcards by Kate Niznik

What are the three types of muscles

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

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What are the prominent locations of smooth muscle

Wall of GI tract
Walls of arteries and veins
Around glands

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What type of control does smooth muscle have

Involuntary

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What type of control does cardiac muscle have? Where is it located

Wall of heart
Involuntary control

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Where is skeletal muscle located and what type of control does it have

Attached/covers bones
Voluntary control

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Endomysium covers?

Covers cardiac muscle fibers

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What do gap junction do in cardiac muscle

Let’s kind through from cell to cell

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What do intercalated disks do in cardiac muscle

Coordinates impulses

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What is a sarcolemma

Membrane of a cardiac muscle cell

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What are the 3 primary functions of skeletal muscle

Skeletal movement
Posture maintenance
Heat generation

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Structure of a muscle: what is a fascicle

Bundle of muscle fibers (cells)
-many bundles make up a whole muscle

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What does connective tissue do? What are the 3 layers of CT

Holds fascicles together
3 layers: endomysium, perimysium, epimysium (deep fascia)

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What is a band of dense CT that attaches muscle to bone

Tendon

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Nerve impulses are aka?
Hint they cause movement

Motor impulses

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Nerve impulses are carried by

Motor neurons

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The axon carries impulses to the

Muscles (target area)

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What is the motor unit

The stimuli and all stimulated muscle fivers

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What is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

The point at which a nerve fiber contacts a muscle cell (synapse)

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What is the specific neurotransmitter released @NMJ

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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ACh crosses the synaptic cleft and attaches to a ACh receptor at the

Motor end plate (receiving muscle membrane)

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What is initiated by the ACh/receptor

Action potential

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Motor unit is a

Single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates

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What uses small motor units and are more controlled, very precise movements

Fine movements
(Ex. Muscles of the hand, eye)

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What uses larger motor units

Broad movements
(Ex. Maintaining posture, walking, golfing)

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What are the properties of muscle tissue

Excitability Action potential Contractility

What is the functional unit of contraction in the skeletal muscle fiber

Sarcomere

Sarcomeres contract via the

Sliding filament mechanism

Do the actin or myosin filaments in the sarcomere change in length as the contraction proceeds

Actin filaments change in length b/c myosin pulls them together

Calcium is needed for

Muscle contraction

Where is calcium stored

In the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (Stored here until released into the cytoplasm by action potential)

When the SR releases the calcium into cytoplasm, it binds to troponin causing both proteins to shift off of actin and expose binding sites this allows for

Cross bridges to form between actin and myosin so that the sliding action can begin

Muscle contraction requires

Energy (ATP)

What are the 4 storage compounds that ensure an adequate supply of energy

Myoglobin Glycogen Creatine phosphate Fatty acids

What does myoglobin store

Oxygen (Increasing the oxygen storage capacity of the muscle)

Glycogen stores what

Storage form of glucose (Can generate both anaerobically and aerobically)

Creatine phosphate can be used as an

Interim energy source (Generates atp independently of glucose)

Fatty acids are stored as

Triglycerides (Can be oxidized for energy)

Most ATP is produced via

Aerobic metabolism (Requires oxygen)

Aerobic metabolism is efficient but has limitations which include (2)

Slow to start generating ATP Requires a lot of oxygen

What does excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) represent?

The energy required to establish the resting rate; from rapid breathing

What occurs in anaerobic ATP metabolism

Breakdown of creatine phosphate Anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid)

What are the three types of muscle contractions

Muscle tone or tonus Isotonic contraction Isometric

A partially contracted state of the muscle that is normal even when it is not in use (ex. posture maintenance) describes what type of muscle contraction

Muscle tone or tonus

What muscle contraction is described as having no change in tension but the muscle length changes (ex. Walking)

Isotonic contraction

What are the 2 types of isotonic contraction? Describe them

-Concentric contractions-muscle shortens -Eccentric contractions- muscle lengthens

What type of muscle contraction is described by a great increase in tension, muscle length is unchanged and there is no movement

Isometric (Ex pushing against an immovable object)

Muscles work in

Pairs

What are prime movers (contract)

Muscle that performs the movement

Antagonists (relax) is a muscle that produces the

Opposite movement to that of the prime mover

What are synergists

Muscles that assist the prime movers to accomplish a movement -stabilize the body during movement

Synergists and prime movers are collectively known as

Agonists

How many classes of levers are there that vary depending on the relative position of the fulcrum, effort and resistance

3 classes of levers

Describe first class fulcrum

Fulcrum is between the resistance and effort

Describe second class fulcrum

Load (R) is between the fulcrum and effort

Describe third class fulcrum

Most body systems; effort is between load and fulcrum

Lever in musculoskeletal lever system refers to

Bone

Fulcrum in musculoskeletal lever system refers to

Joint

Effort in musculoskeletal lever system refers to

Force applied by muscle

Resistance in musculoskeletal lever system refers to

Load/weight of body oart

Effects of aging begin at age

What are the effects of aging on muscles

Gradual loss of muscle cells Loss of power, notably in the extensor muscles Tendency to flex hips and knees Decrease in height

What are spasms

Sudden and involuntary muscular contraction Always painful

Colic is

A spasm of the visceral muscles (Ex. Belly ache)

What is atrophy

Decrease in the size of the muscle when not being used

What is a stretched or torn muscle, or tears between muscle and its tendon

Strain

Describe sprains

A stretched or torn ligament (Ligament tissue that connects bones at a joint)

What is delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

Stiffness and pain experienced the day or two after an intense workout

What is rhabdomyolysis

Potentially life threading from overtraining -overworked muscle cells undergo necrosis

Rhabdomyolysis can cause

Irreversible kidney damage

Muscular dystrophy is deterioration of the muscle tissue (with intact nerves); what can result and what is the life expectancy

Death results from weakened of cardiac muscle or paralysis of respiratory muscles -life expectancy 25-40 years

What muscle disease often results from an autoimmune disorder and is a result of blocked transmission of nerve impulses across the NMJ

Myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia gravis affects who? What is a common early sign

Affects adults and begins with muscles of the head -dropping of eyelids (ptosis) early sign

What is myalgia

Muscular pain

What is myositis

Inflammation of muscle tissue

What is fibrositis

Inflammation of CT, specifically tissues associated with muscles and joints

What is fibromyositis

Combination of myositis and fibrositis -can be acute with severe pain on motion or chronic

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is

Widespread muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness with fatigue and sleep disorders -no known cause may be autoimmune, difficult to diagnose

What is plantar fasciitis

A form of tendinitis involving CT in the bottom of the foot

What involves the synovial sheath that encloses tendons -it is more common in women in their 40’s after injury or surgery And may have severe swelling & severe pain with activity

Tenosynovitis