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A&P II > Week 4 Muscular System > Flashcards

Week 4 Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscles

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

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2
Q

What are the prominent locations of smooth muscle

A

Wall of GI tract
Walls of arteries and veins
Around glands

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3
Q

What type of control does smooth muscle have

A

Involuntary

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4
Q

What type of control does cardiac muscle have? Where is it located

A

Wall of heart
Involuntary control

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5
Q

Where is skeletal muscle located and what type of control does it have

A

Attached/covers bones
Voluntary control

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6
Q

Endomysium covers?

A

Covers cardiac muscle fibers

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7
Q

What do gap junction do in cardiac muscle

A

Let’s kind through from cell to cell

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8
Q

What do intercalated disks do in cardiac muscle

A

Coordinates impulses

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9
Q

What is a sarcolemma

A

Membrane of a cardiac muscle cell

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10
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal movement
Posture maintenance
Heat generation

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11
Q

Structure of a muscle: what is a fascicle

A

Bundle of muscle fibers (cells)
-many bundles make up a whole muscle

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12
Q

What does connective tissue do? What are the 3 layers of CT

A

Holds fascicles together
3 layers: endomysium, perimysium, epimysium (deep fascia)

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13
Q

What is a band of dense CT that attaches muscle to bone

A

Tendon

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14
Q

Nerve impulses are aka?
Hint they cause movement

A

Motor impulses

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15
Q

Nerve impulses are carried by

A

Motor neurons

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16
Q

The axon carries impulses to the

A

Muscles (target area)

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17
Q

What is the motor unit

A

The stimuli and all stimulated muscle fivers

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18
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

The point at which a nerve fiber contacts a muscle cell (synapse)

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19
Q

What is the specific neurotransmitter released @NMJ

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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20
Q

ACh crosses the synaptic cleft and attaches to a ACh receptor at the

A

Motor end plate (receiving muscle membrane)

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21
Q

What is initiated by the ACh/receptor

A

Action potential

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22
Q

Motor unit is a

A

Single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates

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23
Q

What uses small motor units and are more controlled, very precise movements

A

Fine movements
(Ex. Muscles of the hand, eye)

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24
Q

What uses larger motor units

A

Broad movements
(Ex. Maintaining posture, walking, golfing)

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25
Q

What are the properties of muscle tissue

A

Excitability
Action potential
Contractility

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26
Q

What is the functional unit of contraction in the skeletal muscle fiber

A

Sarcomere

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27
Q

Sarcomeres contract via the

A

Sliding filament mechanism

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28
Q

Do the actin or myosin filaments in the sarcomere change in length as the contraction proceeds

A

Actin filaments change in length b/c myosin pulls them together

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29
Q

Calcium is needed for

A

Muscle contraction

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30
Q

Where is calcium stored

A

In the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
(Stored here until released into the cytoplasm by action potential)

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31
Q

When the SR releases the calcium into cytoplasm, it binds to troponin causing both proteins to shift off of actin and expose binding sites this allows for

A

Cross bridges to form between actin and myosin so that the sliding action can begin

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32
Q

Muscle contraction requires

A

Energy (ATP)

33
Q

What are the 4 storage compounds that ensure an adequate supply of energy

A

Myoglobin
Glycogen
Creatine phosphate
Fatty acids

34
Q

What does myoglobin store

A

Oxygen
(Increasing the oxygen storage capacity of the muscle)

35
Q

Glycogen stores what

A

Storage form of glucose
(Can generate both anaerobically and aerobically)

36
Q

Creatine phosphate can be used as an

A

Interim energy source
(Generates atp independently of glucose)

37
Q

Fatty acids are stored as

A

Triglycerides
(Can be oxidized for energy)

38
Q

Most ATP is produced via

A

Aerobic metabolism
(Requires oxygen)

39
Q

Aerobic metabolism is efficient but has limitations which include (2)

A

Slow to start generating ATP
Requires a lot of oxygen

40
Q

What does excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) represent?

A

The energy required to establish the resting rate; from rapid breathing

41
Q

What occurs in anaerobic ATP metabolism

A

Breakdown of creatine phosphate
Anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid)

42
Q

What are the three types of muscle contractions

A

Muscle tone or tonus
Isotonic contraction
Isometric

43
Q

A partially contracted state of the muscle that is normal even when it is not in use (ex. posture maintenance) describes what type of muscle contraction

A

Muscle tone or tonus

44
Q

What muscle contraction is described as having no change in tension but the muscle length changes (ex. Walking)

A

Isotonic contraction

45
Q

What are the 2 types of isotonic contraction? Describe them

A

-Concentric contractions-muscle shortens
-Eccentric contractions- muscle lengthens

46
Q

What type of muscle contraction is described by a great increase in tension, muscle length is unchanged and there is no movement

A

Isometric
(Ex pushing against an immovable object)

47
Q

Muscles work in

A

Pairs

48
Q

What are prime movers (contract)

A

Muscle that performs the movement

49
Q

Antagonists (relax) is a muscle that produces the

A

Opposite movement to that of the prime mover

50
Q

What are synergists

A

Muscles that assist the prime movers to accomplish a movement
-stabilize the body during movement

51
Q

Synergists and prime movers are collectively known as

A

Agonists

52
Q

How many classes of levers are there that vary depending on the relative position of the fulcrum, effort and resistance

A

3 classes of levers

53
Q

Describe first class fulcrum

A

Fulcrum is between the resistance and effort

54
Q

Describe second class fulcrum

A

Load (R) is between the fulcrum and effort

55
Q

Describe third class fulcrum

A

Most body systems; effort is between load and fulcrum

56
Q

Lever in musculoskeletal lever system refers to

A

Bone

57
Q

Fulcrum in musculoskeletal lever system refers to

A

Joint

58
Q

Effort in musculoskeletal lever system refers to

A

Force applied by muscle

59
Q

Resistance in musculoskeletal lever system refers to

A

Load/weight of body oart

60
Q

Effects of aging begin at age

A

40

61
Q

What are the effects of aging on muscles

A

Gradual loss of muscle cells
Loss of power, notably in the extensor muscles
Tendency to flex hips and knees
Decrease in height

62
Q

What are spasms

A

Sudden and involuntary muscular contraction
Always painful

63
Q

Colic is

A

A spasm of the visceral muscles
(Ex. Belly ache)

64
Q

What is atrophy

A

Decrease in the size of the muscle when not being used

65
Q

What is a stretched or torn muscle, or tears between muscle and its tendon

A

Strain

66
Q

Describe sprains

A

A stretched or torn ligament
(Ligament tissue that connects bones at a joint)

67
Q

What is delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

A

Stiffness and pain experienced the day or two after an intense workout

68
Q

What is rhabdomyolysis

A

Potentially life threading from overtraining
-overworked muscle cells undergo necrosis

69
Q

Rhabdomyolysis can cause

A

Irreversible kidney damage

70
Q

Muscular dystrophy is deterioration of the muscle tissue (with intact nerves); what can result and what is the life expectancy

A

Death results from weakened of cardiac muscle or paralysis of respiratory muscles
-life expectancy 25-40 years

71
Q

What muscle disease often results from an autoimmune disorder and is a result of blocked transmission of nerve impulses across the NMJ

A

Myasthenia gravis

72
Q

Myasthenia gravis affects who? What is a common early sign

A

Affects adults and begins with muscles of the head
-dropping of eyelids (ptosis) early sign

73
Q

What is myalgia

A

Muscular pain

74
Q

What is myositis

A

Inflammation of muscle tissue

75
Q

What is fibrositis

A

Inflammation of CT, specifically tissues associated with muscles and joints

76
Q

What is fibromyositis

A

Combination of myositis and fibrositis
-can be acute with severe pain on motion or chronic

77
Q

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is

A

Widespread muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness with fatigue and sleep disorders
-no known cause may be autoimmune, difficult to diagnose

78
Q

What is plantar fasciitis

A

A form of tendinitis involving CT in the bottom of the foot

79
Q

What involves the synovial sheath that encloses tendons
-it is more common in women in their 40’s after injury or surgery
And may have severe swelling & severe pain with activity

A

Tenosynovitis

A&P II (12 decks)

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