Body Fluids Flashcards by Kate Niznik

Body fluids make up over half the body mass; primarily composed of

Water
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Gases
Wastes

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What maintains composition and volume of body fluids

Negative feedback mechanism

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Water acts as a

Solvent
Transport medium
Participant in metabolism

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Importance of water in body fluid maintenance (important factor in homeostasis) 4 factors

Thirst mechanism (maintains volume)
Kidney activity
Hormones
Buffers, respiration and kidney function regulate pH

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What are the 2 main fluid compartments

Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Extra cellular fluid (ECF)

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Extracellular fluid can be

Lymph
Blood Plasma
Interstitial fluid
Fluid in special compartments (ex. Cerebrospinal fluid)

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Electrolytes are an important component of body fluid. What do they do?

Conduct an electrical current in solution

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Electrolytes compounds separate into

Positive and negative ions in solution

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Positive ions are

Cations

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List the 4 positive ions

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

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List 3 negative ions

Phosphate
Chloride
Bicarbonate

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Sodium (main + ion in ECF) is required for? What does it maintain?

Required for nerve impulse conduction
Maintains osmotic balance and body fluid volume; acid/base balance

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Potassium (main + ion in ICF) is required for? What does it regulate?

Required for nerve impulse conduction
Regulates chemical rxns (carbohydrate to energy and amino acid to protein)

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What is calcium required for

Bone formation
Muscle contraction
Nerve impulse transmission
Blood clotting

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What is magnesium required for

Muscle contraction

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Phosphate is found in

Plasma membranes
DNA and RNA and ATP

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Phosphate is essential for

Carbohydrate metabolism
Bone formation
Acid-base balance

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Chloride is essential for

Formation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Helps regulate fluid balance and pH

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What is the most abundant anion in ECF

Chloride

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we gain water from

food, beverages, cellular respiration

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we lose water from

skin
kidney
lungs
intestinal tract

3 main factors that are mechanisms for balancing fluid volumes

-regulating fluid output
-regulating fluid input
-exchanging fluids btw compartments and from place to place in the body

fluid homeostasis is maintained by

water intake and urine output

control of water intake happens by means of (3)

thirst mechanisms
control center for thirst
hormone regulation

what is polydipsia

excessive thirst

control center for thirst is located in the

hypothalmus

a decrease in fluid volume results in

thirst

what are the main regulators of water and electrolyte balance

kidneys

what is critical for water balance

sodium

hormone regulation controls

thirst and urine output

hormone aldosterone is found in the

adrenal cortex

if you have a aldosterone deficiency you may have what disease

addison disease (Na+ & H2O low, K+ in excess)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is found in the

pituitary

what hormone stimulates production of both aldosterone and ADH

angiotensin II (ATII)

what does the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do

promotes lower Na+ and H2O, thereby lowering blood volume and BP

body fluids have a normal pH of

7.35-7.45

three tenths f a point shift in pH in either direction is ? (7.0-7.7)

fatal

what provides short term regulation of CO2?

respiration - can increase blood pH by exhaling more CO2 - can decrease blood pH by inhaling more CO2

what provides long term regulation of pH by reabsorbing or eliminating H+ as needed

kidney function

what is characterized by a pH less that 7.35, which depresses nervous system and causes mental confusion or coma

acidosis

Causes of acidosis may include

-respiratory obstruction or lung disease that prevents release of CO2 -kidney failure -prolonged diarrhea -intense long term exercise

what is characterized by pH greater than 7.45, excites nervous system (tingling, muscle twitches, paralysis)

alkalosis

possible causes of alkalosis include

hyperventilation ingestion of to much antacid prolonged vomiting with loss of stomach acids

Excess fluid in the lungs is called

pulmonary edema (often results from congestive heart failure)

Hyponatremia is aka

water intoxication

what are the characteristics of hyponatremia (water intoxication)

reduced blood Na+ concentration Swelling in brain may lead to convulsions, coma, death

Effusion refers to

escape of fluid into a space or cavity (difficult to inhale)

Ascites refers to

fluid between abdominal cavity and organs (malnutrition/kwashiorkor, cancer, infection, disorders of liver, heart and kidneys)

Pleural effusions is fluid within pleural space. What diseases or disorders may be associated with this

tuberculosis, cancer, infection

pericardial effusion fluid is

enclosing heart

fluid therapy refers to

fluids administered through IV to correct specific imbalances

what are the 3 solutions administered in fluid therapy

1. Isotonic solution (administered most often) 2. hypertonic solution 3. hypotonic solution