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A&P II > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Body fluids make up over half the body mass; primarily composed of

A

Water
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Gases
Wastes

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2
Q

What maintains composition and volume of body fluids

A

Negative feedback mechanism

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3
Q

Water acts as a

A

Solvent
Transport medium
Participant in metabolism

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4
Q

Importance of water in body fluid maintenance (important factor in homeostasis) 4 factors

A

Thirst mechanism (maintains volume)
Kidney activity
Hormones
Buffers, respiration and kidney function regulate pH

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5
Q

What are the 2 main fluid compartments

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Extra cellular fluid (ECF)

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6
Q

Extracellular fluid can be

A

Lymph
Blood Plasma
Interstitial fluid
Fluid in special compartments (ex. Cerebrospinal fluid)

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7
Q

Electrolytes are an important component of body fluid. What do they do?

A

Conduct an electrical current in solution

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8
Q

Electrolytes compounds separate into

A

Positive and negative ions in solution

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9
Q

Positive ions are

A

Cations

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10
Q

List the 4 positive ions

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

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11
Q

List 3 negative ions

A

Phosphate
Chloride
Bicarbonate

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12
Q

Sodium (main + ion in ECF) is required for? What does it maintain?

A

Required for nerve impulse conduction
Maintains osmotic balance and body fluid volume; acid/base balance

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13
Q

Potassium (main + ion in ICF) is required for? What does it regulate?

A

Required for nerve impulse conduction
Regulates chemical rxns (carbohydrate to energy and amino acid to protein)

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14
Q

What is calcium required for

A

Bone formation
Muscle contraction
Nerve impulse transmission
Blood clotting

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15
Q

What is magnesium required for

A

Muscle contraction

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16
Q

Phosphate is found in

A

Plasma membranes
DNA and RNA and ATP

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17
Q

Phosphate is essential for

A

Carbohydrate metabolism
Bone formation
Acid-base balance

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18
Q

Chloride is essential for

A

Formation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Helps regulate fluid balance and pH

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19
Q

What is the most abundant anion in ECF

A

Chloride

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20
Q

we gain water from

A

food, beverages, cellular respiration

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21
Q

we lose water from

A

skin
kidney
lungs
intestinal tract

22
Q

3 main factors that are mechanisms for balancing fluid volumes

A

-regulating fluid output
-regulating fluid input
-exchanging fluids btw compartments and from place to place in the body

23
Q

fluid homeostasis is maintained by

A

water intake and urine output

24
Q

control of water intake happens by means of (3)

A

thirst mechanisms
control center for thirst
hormone regulation

25
Q

what is polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

26
Q

control center for thirst is located in the

A

hypothalmus

27
Q

a decrease in fluid volume results in

A

thirst

28
Q

what are the main regulators of water and electrolyte balance

A

kidneys

29
Q

what is critical for water balance

A

sodium

30
Q

hormone regulation controls

A

thirst and urine output

31
Q

hormone aldosterone is found in the

A

adrenal cortex

32
Q

if you have a aldosterone deficiency you may have what disease

A

addison disease
(Na+ & H2O low, K+ in excess)

33
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is found in the

A

pituitary

34
Q

what hormone stimulates production of both aldosterone and ADH

A

angiotensin II (ATII)

35
Q

what does the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do

A

promotes lower Na+ and H2O, thereby lowering blood volume and BP

36
Q

body fluids have a normal pH of

A

7.35-7.45

37
Q

three tenths f a point shift in pH in either direction is ? (7.0-7.7)

A

fatal

38
Q

what provides short term regulation of CO2?

A

respiration
- can increase blood pH by exhaling more CO2
- can decrease blood pH by inhaling more CO2

39
Q

what provides long term regulation of pH by reabsorbing or eliminating H+ as needed

A

kidney function

40
Q

what is characterized by a pH less that 7.35, which depresses nervous system and causes mental confusion or coma

A

acidosis

41
Q

Causes of acidosis may include

A

-respiratory obstruction or lung disease that prevents release of CO2
-kidney failure
-prolonged diarrhea
-intense long term exercise

42
Q

what is characterized by pH greater than 7.45, excites nervous system (tingling, muscle twitches, paralysis)

A

alkalosis

43
Q

possible causes of alkalosis include

A

hyperventilation
ingestion of to much antacid
prolonged vomiting with loss of stomach acids

44
Q

Excess fluid in the lungs is called

A

pulmonary edema
(often results from congestive heart failure)

45
Q

Hyponatremia is aka

A

water intoxication

46
Q

what are the characteristics of hyponatremia (water intoxication)

A

reduced blood Na+ concentration
Swelling in brain may lead to convulsions, coma, death

47
Q

Effusion refers to

A

escape of fluid into a space or cavity
(difficult to inhale)

48
Q

Ascites refers to

A

fluid between abdominal cavity and organs
(malnutrition/kwashiorkor, cancer, infection, disorders of liver, heart and kidneys)

49
Q

Pleural effusions is fluid within pleural space. What diseases or disorders may be associated with this

A

tuberculosis, cancer, infection

50
Q

pericardial effusion fluid is

A

enclosing heart

51
Q

fluid therapy refers to

A

fluids administered through IV to correct specific imbalances

52
Q

what are the 3 solutions administered in fluid therapy

A
  1. Isotonic solution (administered most often)
  2. hypertonic solution
  3. hypotonic solution

A&P II (12 decks)

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