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A&P II > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 chief functions of the digestive system

A

Digestion: breakdown of food
Absorption: transfer of nutrients from digestive tract into the blood or lymph
Elimination: eliminate undigested waste material

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2
Q

What is the digestive tract

A

A continuous passageway beginning at the mouth and terminating at the anus

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3
Q

What is the function of the accessory organs in the digestive tract

A

Organs necessary for the digestive process but are not a direct part of the digestive tract

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4
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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5
Q

Thin two layered serous, epithelial membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity

A

Peritoneum

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6
Q

Parietal layer of the peritoneum lines what

A

Lines the abdominopelvic cavity; outer layer

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7
Q

The visceral layer of the peritoneum covers the

A

Organs

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8
Q

What is parietal space

A

Cavity between the 2 membrane layers and contains serous fluid

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9
Q

What is the functions of the peritoneum

A

Supports and binds the organs
Carrie’s blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

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10
Q

There are 4 subdivisions of the peritoneum which are

A

Mesentery
Mesocolon
Greater omentum
Lesser omentum

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11
Q

The mesentery is fan shaped and extends from the posterior abdominal wall to the small intestines. What does it house?

A

Houses blood vessels and nerves between the layers that supply the intestine

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12
Q

The mesocolon extends from?

A

The posterior abdominal wall to the colon

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13
Q

Greater omentum is large, contains much fat and hangs like an apron over the front of the intestine. It extends from?

A

The lower portion of stomach and colon (transverse) like a loop

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14
Q

The lesser omentum is a small membrane that extends between the

A

Stomach and the liver

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15
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract wall (from inside to outside)

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Smooth muscle
Serous membrane

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16
Q

What is the function of the mucosa

A

Secretion, protection and absorption

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17
Q

What is the function of the submucosa

A

-Regulation of digestive function
-intestinal cell nourishment
-removal of absorbed nutrients

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18
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

Motility; moves food through the GI tract

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19
Q

Serous membrane function

A

Protection
Support
Separation between organs

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20
Q

What is a lumen

A

Hollow space within the “tube” of the digestive tract

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21
Q

There are 2 types of muscular contractions important in the digestive process which are

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

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22
Q

What propels the tube contents rapidly

A

Peristalsis

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23
Q

Mixes the contents (food with digestive juices) and propels them slowly

A

Segmentation

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24
Q

The mouth aka oral cavity processes food by what 4 things

A

Ingestion
Mastication
Mixing with saliva
Deglutition

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25
Q

What is deglutition

A

Movement of food towards throat to be swallowed

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26
Q

Salivary amylase does what

A

Initiates starch digestion

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27
Q

What is the function of the tongue

A

Aids in chewing, swallowing and speech
Surface covered in tastebuds

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28
Q

The pharynx is aka the

A

Throat

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29
Q

3 divisions of the pharynx are

A

Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx

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30
Q

A bolus of food is moved into the pharynx where ______ forces it into the esophagus

A

Reflex swallowing

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31
Q

What raises to prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity

A

Solar palate and uvula

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32
Q

The opening to the larynx/trachea is guarded by the

A

Epiglottis

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33
Q

Swallowed food enters into the

A

Esophagus

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34
Q

The esophagus is a muscular tube about 10 inches long, no digestion occurs here instead food is

A

Lubricated with mucus

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35
Q

The esophagus passes through ______ of the diaphragm to join stomach

A

Esophageal hiatus

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36
Q

Inner oblique muscle layer of the stomach aids in

A

Grinding food and mixing it with digestive juices

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37
Q

What are the structures of the stomach

A

Greater curvature
Lesser curvature
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

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38
Q

The sphincters of the stomach

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Pyloric

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39
Q

What is a sphincter

A

A muscular ring that regulates the size of an opening
(Two sphincters at each end of the stomach)

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40
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is located where? What does it control

A

Located between the esophagus and the stomach
-controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach

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41
Q

LES is aka the

A

Cardiac sphincter

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42
Q

The pyloric sphincter is located where? What does it regulate

A

Located between the distal end of the stomach and the small intestine
-regulates the passage of food from stomach into the duodenum

43
Q

What is the stomachs function

A

To store food, regulate movement of food into the small intestine (digestive organ) and churn

44
Q

When the stomach is empty the lining forms many folds called

A

Rugae
(As stomach expands these folds disappear)

45
Q

The stomach secretes substances to form gastric juice. What are the 2 digestive juices

A

Hydrochloric acid
Pepsin

46
Q

Hydrochloric acid does what

A

Prepares proteins for digestion and activates pepsin; also destroys foreign organisms

47
Q

Pepsin (enzyme) digests

A

Proteins

48
Q

Stomach delivers what to the small intestine

A

Chyme

49
Q

What is the longest part of the digestive tract

A

The small intestine (10ft in length)

50
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum (1st 10 inches)
Jejunum
Ileum

51
Q

Almost all digestion and absorption of food occurs in the

A

Small intestine

52
Q

Functions of the small intestine

A

Secretion
Motility
Digestion
Absorption

53
Q

Mucus is secreted in the small intestine in order to

A

Protect the small intestine from the highly acidic content coming from stomach

54
Q

Motility, segmentation occurs to ensure food is thoroughly mixed with digestive tissues and it is regulated to ensure

A

Proximal segments contract before the distal segments

55
Q

Enzymes are secreted that continue digestion of

A

Proteins and carbohydrates

56
Q

Subdivisions of the large intestine include (10)

A

Cecum
Ileocecal valve
Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal
Anus

57
Q

The cecum is the

A

First part of the large intestine; it is a small pouch

58
Q

The ileocecal valve is a sphincter between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum; it prevents

A

Food from travelling backward into the small intestine

59
Q

The vermiform appendix (appendix) is attached to the cecum; it is a small blind tube containing

A

Lymphoid tissue

60
Q

The ascending colon is the second portion of the large intestine; it extends upward along the

A

Right side of the abdomen towards the liver

61
Q

The transverse colon bends and extends across the abdomen. It bends sharply and extends downwards forming the

A

Descending colon

62
Q

Sigmoid colon is the lower part of the colon that bends posteriorly in an “s” shape and continues downwards; empties into the

A

Rectum

63
Q

Undigested food enter the ____ and leaves to the outside of the body through the anus

A

Anal canal

64
Q

Functions of the large intestine (6)

A

Secretes mucus
Water is reabsorbed
Stores and eliminates undigested food
Vitamin K and some B complex vitamins are generated
Peristalsis
Defecation

65
Q

The accessory organs release secretions through ducts into digestive tract. What are the accessory organs

A

Salivary glands
Liver; releases bile, emulsifies fat
Gallbladder
Pancreas

66
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

67
Q

Functions of the salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva
Moistens food
Facilitates mastication and deglutition
Helps keep teeth and mouth clean

68
Q

What is the largest accessory organ

A

Liver

69
Q

The liver is located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. It is supplied with blood through what 2 things

A

Portal vein: rich in digestive end products
Hepatic artery: high in oxygen

70
Q

The main digestive function of the liver is to

A

Emulsify fat
-the liver synthesizes bile, which is necessary for fat digestion

71
Q

Bike exits the liver by the common hepatic duct which merges with the _____ to form the _____

A

Cystic duct (from gallbladder); to form the common bile duct > duodenum

72
Q

What are some of the function of the liver

A

Manufactures bile
Controls blood glucose levels
Modifies fat
Stores some vitamins, iron
Forms blood plasma proteins
Destroys old RBC’s
Synthesizes urea
Detoxifies harmful substances

73
Q

The gallbladder is a muscular sac located in the inferior surface of the liver. It stores

A

Bile

74
Q

When chyme enters the duodenum the ______ contracts, the hepatopancreatic sphincter opens and what flows into the duodenum

A

The gallbladder contracts; bile flows into the duodenum

75
Q

The pancreas is a long endocrine gland that extends from the duodenum to the spleen. It produces?

A

Insulin and glucagon hormones

76
Q

The pancreas releases what 3 things

A

Enzymes that digest food (amylase, trypsin, lipases)
Water to dilute food
Bicarbonate ions (to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach)

77
Q

Enzymes are protein molecules that act as

A

Catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions

78
Q

What is the role of water in the digestive system (3)

A

Used in the chemical process of digestion (hydrolysis)
Produces digestive juices
Dilutes food

79
Q

How many litres of water is secreted into the digestive tract daily

A

7L

80
Q

Absorption is the process of moving nutrients from the GI tract into the

A

Blood or lymph nodes

81
Q

Most absorption takes place in the

A

Small intestine

82
Q

Absorption; Fats take an indirect route to the blood, since they are absorbed into

A

Lacteals; and travel through the lymphatic system to the blood

83
Q

What vitamins are produced by bacteria in the colon and they are absorbed from the large intestine along with some water

A

Vitamin K and some B vitamins

84
Q

Nerves in digestive system are located in

A

Submucosa and between muscle layers of organ walls (enteric nervous system- ENS)

85
Q

What typically stimulates digestion

A

Parasympathetic

86
Q

What typically inhibits digestion

A

Sympathetic system

87
Q

Nervous and hormonal mechanism control of digestion main goal is to optimize

A

The processes of digestion and absorption

88
Q

What stimulates the secretion of saliva and the release of gastric juices

A

Sensory stimuli

89
Q

Bolus in stomach stimulates release of

A

Gastrin into blood
** promotes stomach secretions and motility

90
Q

When chyme enters the duodenum hormones known as ____ are released in duodenum that stimulates what and inhibits what

A

Gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Stimulate intestinal activity inhibits stomach activity

91
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) stimulates

A

Insulin release from pancreas

92
Q

A number of hormones function to regulate appetite, what initiates hunger

A

Ghrelin

93
Q

What is anorexia

A

Chronic loss of appetite
-possible emotional or social favotrs

94
Q

What is anorexia nervosa

A

Psychological disorder
Starving one self

95
Q

What is bulimia

A

Binge purge syndrome

96
Q

Eating disorders stress the body; what can result

A

Lack of estrogen produced in women
Loss of bone (osteoporosis)
Degeneration of myocardium

97
Q

4 sources of digestive problems

A

Mechanical
Nervous
Chemical
Hormonal

98
Q

What is peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum following infection of an organ covered by peritoneum
(Ex of causative factors ruptured appendix, perforated ulcer, penetrating wound)

99
Q

Mumps is a contagious viral infection of what salivary gland

A

Parotid

100
Q

What is cirrhosis

A

Chronic disease where active liver cells are replaced by scar tissue (alcoholic type is most common)

101
Q

Hepatitis is what inflammation

A

Liver inflammation

102
Q

Cholelithiasis is aka

A

Gallstones

103
Q

What is pancreatitis

A

Destruction of pancreas by its own secretion

A&P II (12 decks)

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