Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II > Metabolism/Nutrition > Flashcards

Metabolism/Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

nutrition is food, vitamins and minerals that are

A

ingested and assimilated into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the process of using nutrient molecules as energy sources and as building blocks for our own molecules

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

metabolism includes 2 processes which are

A

catabolism
anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The breakdown of complex compounds into simpler components

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe anabolism

A

the building of simple compounds into needed substances (more complex compounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the most common energy sources

A

glucose and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many stages of glucose catabolism are there

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cellular respiration is catabolism of nutrients to

A

release energy (generate ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glucose catabolism: Anaerobic phase is the first step in glucose breakdown known as

A

glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anaerobic Phase (glycolysis) produces what

A

2 ATP per molecule of glucose
Pyruvic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anaerobic phase aka glycolysis occurs in what part of a cell

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oxygen is required to further metabolize the products of anaerobic (glycolysis) phase. If no oxygen what is it converted to

A

Lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aerobic phase of glucose catabolism is very controlled second step in glucose breakdown. it metabolizes

A

pyruvic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aerobic phase of glucose catabolism occurs in the

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aerobic Phase of glucose catabolism produces (3)

A

32 ATP per molecule of glucose (most stored for future use, small amount released as heat)
Water
CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fatty Acids are oxidized to generate energy through ___ mechanisms. Produces?

A

Aerobic mechanisms only
Produces ATP, water and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is deamination

A

Amine groups must be removed from amino acids before oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

deamination occurs where

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is metabolic rate

A

rate at which cellular respiration converts nutrients int ATP (energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Metabolic rate is affected by determinants of health which are?

A

Diet
size
% of body fat
gender
age
activity level
hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metabolic rates increase/decrease with age

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is basal metabolism

A

the amount of energy needed to maintain life functions while he body is at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the energy you expend each day just to stay alive

A

BMR (measured in kilocalorie; kcal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

BMR equation

A

BMR + (BMR x activity level)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in nutrient metabolism all chemical reactions require

A

enzymes as the catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In nutrient metabolism some nutrients are built into body materials instead of

A

producing energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is a common energy source; most converted to glucose

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Glucose is stored as? and where?

A

stored as glycogen
stored in muscle and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

if there is too much glucose in the blood ?

A

it is converted to fat and stored (adipose tissue and the liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

another major source of energy for most cells (not the brain!)

A

fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fats are catabolized using oxygen in the

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are ketone bodies

A

partially metabolized fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ketone bodies are produced by

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the body does not store proteins as

A

fuel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

specific proteins are synthesized by ___ to meet specific body needs

A

amino acids

36
Q

if we do not have enough protein, it is taken from?

A

muscle tissue or plasma proteins (this is dangerous)

37
Q

typical recommendations for % of calories in daily diet for fat

A

20-35%

38
Q

Complex carbs are good, what do they do?

A

maintain blood sugar levels

39
Q

what is the glycemic effect

A

how rapidly a particular food raises the blood glucose level and stimulates insulin release

40
Q

glycemic effect is influenced by

A

combination of different foods and time of day it is being eaten

41
Q

Simple sugars are metabolized rapidly they are good for

A

only a fast energy only (unhealthy; cause blood glucose levels to rise and fall rapidly)

42
Q

Why is fiber a good thing (5)

A

-adds bulk to stool
-regulates the digestion & absorption of other carbs
- assists in weight management
-lowers cholesterol
-helps to prevent diabetes, colon cancer etc..

43
Q

essential fatty acids must be taken in by food we eat. 2 essential fatty

A

Linoleic acid (easy to get; veg and veg oils)
Alpha-linoleic acid ( fatty fish, shellfish)

44
Q

Saturated fats should be less than 1/3 of the fat in diet. These fats can lead to

A

cancer
heart disease
cardiovascular problems

45
Q

Unsaturated fats are derived from plants; what are some examples

A

oils: corn, peanut, olive, canola

46
Q

Partially hydrogenated fats are what

A

artificially saturated to prevent spoilage
*contains trans fatty acids

47
Q

most animal proteins supply all of the

A

(9) essential amino acids> ‘complete proteins’

48
Q

Some nonessential amino acids can become essential if

A

if our body can no longer produce them

49
Q

Minerals are chemical elements needed for

A

body structure, fluid balance, muscle contraction, blood clotting and nerve impulses

50
Q

what are trace elements

A

minerals needed in very, very small amounts

51
Q

what are complex organic substances

A

vitamins

52
Q

what vitamins are water soluble

A

B, C

53
Q

what vitamins are fat- soluble

A

A, D, E, K

54
Q

vitamin are essential for

A

metabolism

55
Q

what do antioxidants do

A

defend against harmful free radicals
defend against aging and disease.

56
Q

we can metabolize how much pure alcohol/hr

A

1/2 ounce

57
Q

alcohol is rapidly absorbed through

A

stomach and small intestine

58
Q

alcohol is detoxified by the

A

liver

59
Q

food allergies involve the

A

immune system

60
Q

food sensitivities are adverse reactions to specific foods and could be a result of what 2 things

A

-result of enzyme deficiency
-GI symptoms

61
Q

Contributing factors of malnutrition include

A

poverty, old age, chronic illness, anorexia, poor dental health and drug and alcohol use

62
Q

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) reflects

A

reflects an overall dietary deficiency

63
Q

Marasmus is

A

severe PEM in infancy and childhood

64
Q

what is kwashiorkor

A

protein insufficiency common in toddlers.
weaned toddlers in poor countries (bulging tummy) Loss of intestinal villi

65
Q

what is normal BMI range

A

18.5-24.9

66
Q

Why is BMI not a fair indication of overweight/obesity in people

A

It does not account for muscle and fat composition in the body

67
Q

Eating disorders stress the body. What can result?

A

Lack of estrogen in women
Loss of bone (osteoporosis)
Degeneration of myocardium

68
Q

What happens with nutrition when we age

A

Metabolism slows down
Sense of taste and smell decreases
Vitamin d synthesis and calcium absorption declines

69
Q

What is a byproduct of the reactions in our bodies (hint cellular respiration)

A

Heat

70
Q

Asking if heat produced by the body depends on

A

Exercise
Hormone production
Food intake
Age

71
Q

How much heat do we lose through the respiratory system, urine and feces

A

15-20%

72
Q

How much heat is lost through the skin

A

80%

73
Q

How do we prevent heat loss

A

Clothing (artificial)
Layer of fat under the skin (natural)

74
Q

What does thermoregulation refer to

A

Body temperature remains fairly constant even when the conditions outside change

75
Q

What regulates body temp by maintaining a balance between heat production and heat loss

A

The hypothalamus

76
Q

What happens when there is too much heat loss (environment is too cold)

A

Shivering
Constriction of blood vessels

77
Q

Who have a greater challenge regulating their body temperature

A

Very young and very old individuals

78
Q

What is normal body temp

A

36.2-37.6°

79
Q

How can fever be beneficial

A

Promotes phagocytosis
Inhibits growth of organisms
Increases metabolism

80
Q

Fever terminology: lysis

A

Gradual drop in temp

81
Q

Fever terminology: febrile

A

Having or showing signs of a fever

82
Q

Fever terminology: pyrogens

A

Substances that produce fevers

83
Q

Fever terminology: antipyretic drugs

A

Drugs that reduce fever

84
Q

Not being able to maintain a constant body temp can be

A

Fatal

85
Q

Heat associated disorders from least serious to most serious

A

Heat cramps
Heat exhaustion
Heat stroke

86
Q

Hypothermia is an

A

Abnormally low body temp can be fatal

87
Q

What results in local tissue damage

A

Frostbite

A&P II (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions