Reproducyive Systems Flashcards by Kate Niznik

Sexual reproduction involves specialized sex cells known as

Germ cells or gametes

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What are spermatozoa

Male gametes (sperm cells)

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What are ova

Female gametes (egg cells)

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Gametes contain how many chromosomes

23 chromosomes

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Somatic cells have how many chromosomes

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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Gametes are created by

Meiosis

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Gametes fuse at fertilization to form a

One celled zygote (the first cell of the offspring)

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What are the function of the male reproductive system

Manufacture spermatozoa
Manufacture hormones

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What are the primary organs of the male reproductive system

Gonads

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Male gonads are aka

Testes

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Gonads or testes produce

Germ cells and manufacture hormones

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What is the scrotum

Skin covered pouch suspended from groin (divided into 2 sacs which each contain a testis)

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Before birth the testes descend down the

Inguinal canal (in the abdominal wall)

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Why must testes descend completely

For normal production and survival of sperm (b/c scrotum is several degrees lower)

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Sperm develop within the

Seminiferous tubules (which is most tissue found within the lobes of the testes)

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What cells are aka “nurse cells” and nourish and protect the developing spermatozoa

Sustentacular cells (sertoli cells)

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Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells) secrete a protein that

Binds testosterone in the seminiferous tubules

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What cells are located between the seminiferous tubules and secret the male sex hormone testosterone

Interstitial cells (leydig cells)

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Spermatozoa have an oval head which is mostly a nucleus containing chromosomes; the acrosome (cap) contains enzymes that help

Penetrate the ovum

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Middle region of the spermatozoa contains many

Mitochondria (energy for movement)

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The tail of spermatozoa is known as the flagellum which has a

Whiplike motion

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How many spermatozoa are contained in the average ejaculation

200 million

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Semen contains

Sperm cells and various secretions from the body

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What are the functions of semen (5)

Neutralize the acidity of the male urethra and female vaginal tract
Nourish the spermatozoa
Transport the spermatozoa
Lubricate the reproductive tract during intercourse
Prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and antibodies

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Accessory organs in the male reproductive system provide a

Pathway of sperm from their formation in the seminiferous tubules until they exit the body

What accessory organ is a coiled tube located on the surface of the testis and temporarily stores sperm cells, mature and develop capacity for motility

Epididymis

Which male accessory organ produce mucus that is a thick yellow, alkaline secretion rich in sugar for nourishment

Seminal vesicles

What is the location and function of the male accessory organ the prostate gland

It is inferior to bladder Alkaline secretions which neutralize acidity and assist sperms motility

The bulbourethral glands or Cowper glands a paired pea sized organs they secrete mucus for what

To lubricate the urethra and tip of the penis during sexual stimulation

The penis has 3 columns of erectile tissue which are

2 dorsal columns called corpora cavernosa 1 ventral column surrounding urethra called corpus spongiosum

Glans penis is the distal end of penis covered by foreskin (prepuce). Surgical removal of the foreskin is called

Circumcision

Testicular activity is controlled by two hormones from the anterior pituitary which are

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Which hormone in testicular activity stimulates the Sustentacular (sertoli) cells to produce growth factors that promotes the formation of spermatozoa

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

What does the Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate

The interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules to produce testosterone

What are the 4 effects of aging on make reproduction

1. Decreasing in testosterone and spermatozoa production 2. Decline in sperm motility and quality 3. Erectile dysfunction 4. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

Structural disorders of the male reproductive system: what is cryptorchidism

Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum (normally should occur by age 1) -corrected by surgery -can result in infertility and increase risk of tumours

Structural disorders of the male reproductive system: what is testicular torsion

Twisting of the spermatic cord that results from rotation of testis. >most common between ages 12-18

Structural disorders of the male reproductive system: hernia

Is the protrusion of an organ or the fascia of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

Structural disorders of the male reproductive system: what is phimosis

Tightness of the foreskin so that it cannot be drawn back

What is orchitis

Inflammation of the testes (usually follows uti)

What is the most common cancer of young to middle age men (15-35 years)

Testicular cancer

The primary organs of the female reproductive system are

Ovaries (female gonads)

What do the ovaries produce. What do they supply

Produce female sex cells (ova) Supplies sex hormone (primarily estrogen and progesterone on a cyclic basis)

The uterus is a female accessory organ what does it do

Holds and nourishes a fetus

The ovarian follicle houses and protects each ova. What are its functions

Secretes estrogen (stimulates growth of uterine lining) Ovulation (releases ovum)

Following release of the ovum the follicle is transformed into the

Corpus luteum (which secretes large amounts of progesterone)

What degenerates if no pregnancy occurs

Corpus luteum (menses occurs)

What are the 4 responsibilities of estrogen

1. Development and maturation of female reproductive organs 2. Development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics (breast development) 3. Promotes a thickening of the uterine lining 4. Initiates menstruation

Progesterone maintains

Gestation and assists estrogen in initiating menses

What is menopause

Time when reproductive activity ceases in females

Myometrium is what of the uterus

The muscular wall

The endometrium of the uterus is the

Inner lining

Uterine tubes (aka oviducts or fallopian tubes) are a muscular structure extending from the uterus to a point near the ovary. Function?

Transport ovum away from the ovary towards the uterus Site of fertilization

The vagina is a muscular tube 7.5cm long. It has a mucous membrane lining and what to accommodate child birth

Rugae

The perineum is the

Entire pelvic floor in both the male and female

What is the area between the vaginal opening and the anus

Obstetrical perineum

The female reproductive cycle is a cyclic pattern of hormonal activity that is controlled by

Pituitary hormones LH and FSH regulated by the hypothalamus

The menstrual cycle averages how many days

28 days

Menstruation is periodic vaginal bleeding “menses” and occurs during the first _____ days of cycle

4-5 days

Ovulation is the release of the egg from the ovary. When does it occur

14 days before next menses begins

What is the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle

Days between the end of menses and ovulation

There is a surge of what the day before ovulation

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

During ovulation what is possibly formed

Zygote (fertilized egg cell)

What is the secretory phase

Days between ovulation and beginning of next menses (14 days)

Fertilization can occur in what phase

Secretory phase

During menopause what 2 things happen

Menstruation ceases Normal ovarian function declines (follicles stop maturing, no appreciable amounts of estrogen and progesterone produced)

Effects of menopause may include

Nervous symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, hot flashes

During menopause women can undergo hormone replacement therapy (HRT) which combines estrogen and synthetic progesterone to relieve menopause discomfort. What are the risks associated with HRT

Increases breast cancer risk Increases thrombosis and embolism risk

What is amenorrhea

Absence of menstrual flow

What is dysmenorrhea

Painful or difficult menstruation

What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Condition in which nervousness, irritability, and depression precede the menstrual period

What are fibroids

(Myomas) common tumors of the uterus. -often small, usually benign and produce no symptoms

What is the most common cancer in women regarding reproductive system

Endometrial cancer (Ovarian cancer second most common)

Cervical cancer is linked with? How can it be diagnosed

Linked with HPV and detected through Pap smear

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) what is it usually caused by?

Due to extension of infections from the reproductive organs into the pelvic cavity. Usually caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia initially