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A&P II > Reproducyive Systems > Flashcards

Reproducyive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual reproduction involves specialized sex cells known as

A

Germ cells or gametes

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2
Q

What are spermatozoa

A

Male gametes (sperm cells)

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3
Q

What are ova

A

Female gametes (egg cells)

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4
Q

Gametes contain how many chromosomes

A

23 chromosomes

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5
Q

Somatic cells have how many chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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6
Q

Gametes are created by

A

Meiosis

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7
Q

Gametes fuse at fertilization to form a

A

One celled zygote (the first cell of the offspring)

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8
Q

What are the function of the male reproductive system

A

Manufacture spermatozoa
Manufacture hormones

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9
Q

What are the primary organs of the male reproductive system

A

Gonads

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10
Q

Male gonads are aka

A

Testes

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11
Q

Gonads or testes produce

A

Germ cells and manufacture hormones

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12
Q

What is the scrotum

A

Skin covered pouch suspended from groin (divided into 2 sacs which each contain a testis)

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13
Q

Before birth the testes descend down the

A

Inguinal canal (in the abdominal wall)

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14
Q

Why must testes descend completely

A

For normal production and survival of sperm (b/c scrotum is several degrees lower)

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15
Q

Sperm develop within the

A

Seminiferous tubules (which is most tissue found within the lobes of the testes)

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16
Q

What cells are aka “nurse cells” and nourish and protect the developing spermatozoa

A

Sustentacular cells (sertoli cells)

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17
Q

Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells) secrete a protein that

A

Binds testosterone in the seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

What cells are located between the seminiferous tubules and secret the male sex hormone testosterone

A

Interstitial cells (leydig cells)

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19
Q

Spermatozoa have an oval head which is mostly a nucleus containing chromosomes; the acrosome (cap) contains enzymes that help

A

Penetrate the ovum

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20
Q

Middle region of the spermatozoa contains many

A

Mitochondria (energy for movement)

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21
Q

The tail of spermatozoa is known as the flagellum which has a

A

Whiplike motion

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22
Q

How many spermatozoa are contained in the average ejaculation

A

200 million

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23
Q

Semen contains

A

Sperm cells and various secretions from the body

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24
Q

What are the functions of semen (5)

A
  1. Neutralize the acidity of the male urethra and female vaginal tract
  2. Nourish the spermatozoa
  3. Transport the spermatozoa
  4. Lubricate the reproductive tract during intercourse
  5. Prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and antibodies
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25
Q

Accessory organs in the male reproductive system provide a

A

Pathway of sperm from their formation in the seminiferous tubules until they exit the body

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26
Q

What accessory organ is a coiled tube located on the surface of the testis and temporarily stores sperm cells, mature and develop capacity for motility

A

Epididymis

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27
Q

Which male accessory organ produce mucus that is a thick yellow, alkaline secretion rich in sugar for nourishment

A

Seminal vesicles

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28
Q

What is the location and function of the male accessory organ the prostate gland

A

It is inferior to bladder
Alkaline secretions which neutralize acidity and assist sperms motility

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29
Q

The bulbourethral glands or Cowper glands a paired pea sized organs they secrete mucus for what

A

To lubricate the urethra and tip of the penis during sexual stimulation

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30
Q

The penis has 3 columns of erectile tissue which are

A

2 dorsal columns called corpora cavernosa
1 ventral column surrounding urethra called corpus spongiosum

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31
Q

Glans penis is the distal end of penis covered by foreskin (prepuce). Surgical removal of the foreskin is called

A

Circumcision

32
Q

Testicular activity is controlled by two hormones from the anterior pituitary which are

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

33
Q

Which hormone in testicular activity stimulates the Sustentacular (sertoli) cells to produce growth factors that promotes the formation of spermatozoa

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

34
Q

What does the Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate

A

The interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules to produce testosterone

35
Q

What are the 4 effects of aging on make reproduction

A
  1. Decreasing in testosterone and spermatozoa production
  2. Decline in sperm motility and quality
  3. Erectile dysfunction
  4. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
36
Q

Structural disorders of the male reproductive system: what is cryptorchidism

A

Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum (normally should occur by age 1)
-corrected by surgery
-can result in infertility and increase risk of tumours

37
Q

Structural disorders of the male reproductive system: what is testicular torsion

A

Twisting of the spermatic cord that results from rotation of testis.
>most common between ages 12-18

38
Q

Structural disorders of the male reproductive system: hernia

A

Is the protrusion of an organ or the fascia of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

39
Q

Structural disorders of the male reproductive system: what is phimosis

A

Tightness of the foreskin so that it cannot be drawn back

40
Q

What is orchitis

A

Inflammation of the testes (usually follows uti)

41
Q

What is the most common cancer of young to middle age men (15-35 years)

A

Testicular cancer

42
Q

The primary organs of the female reproductive system are

A

Ovaries (female gonads)

43
Q

What do the ovaries produce. What do they supply

A

Produce female sex cells (ova)
Supplies sex hormone (primarily estrogen and progesterone on a cyclic basis)

44
Q

The uterus is a female accessory organ what does it do

A

Holds and nourishes a fetus

45
Q

The ovarian follicle houses and protects each ova. What are its functions

A

Secretes estrogen (stimulates growth of uterine lining)
Ovulation (releases ovum)

46
Q

Following release of the ovum the follicle is transformed into the

A

Corpus luteum (which secretes large amounts of progesterone)

47
Q

What degenerates if no pregnancy occurs

A

Corpus luteum (menses occurs)

48
Q

What are the 4 responsibilities of estrogen

A
  1. Development and maturation of female reproductive organs
  2. Development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics (breast development)
  3. Promotes a thickening of the uterine lining
  4. Initiates menstruation
49
Q

Progesterone maintains

A

Gestation and assists estrogen in initiating menses

50
Q

What is menopause

A

Time when reproductive activity ceases in females

51
Q

Myometrium is what of the uterus

A

The muscular wall

52
Q

The endometrium of the uterus is the

A

Inner lining

53
Q

Uterine tubes (aka oviducts or fallopian tubes) are a muscular structure extending from the uterus to a point near the ovary. Function?

A

Transport ovum away from the ovary towards the uterus
Site of fertilization

54
Q

The vagina is a muscular tube 7.5cm long. It has a mucous membrane lining and what to accommodate child birth

55
Q

The perineum is the

A

Entire pelvic floor in both the male and female

56
Q

What is the area between the vaginal opening and the anus

A

Obstetrical perineum

57
Q

The female reproductive cycle is a cyclic pattern of hormonal activity that is controlled by

A

Pituitary hormones LH and FSH regulated by the hypothalamus

58
Q

The menstrual cycle averages how many days

59
Q

Menstruation is periodic vaginal bleeding “menses” and occurs during the first _____ days of cycle

60
Q

Ovulation is the release of the egg from the ovary. When does it occur

A

14 days before next menses begins

61
Q

What is the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Days between the end of menses and ovulation

62
Q

There is a surge of what the day before ovulation

A

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

63
Q

During ovulation what is possibly formed

A

Zygote (fertilized egg cell)

64
Q

What is the secretory phase

A

Days between ovulation and beginning of next menses (14 days)

65
Q

Fertilization can occur in what phase

A

Secretory phase

66
Q

During menopause what 2 things happen

A

Menstruation ceases
Normal ovarian function declines (follicles stop maturing, no appreciable amounts of estrogen and progesterone produced)

67
Q

Effects of menopause may include

A

Nervous symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, hot flashes

68
Q

During menopause women can undergo hormone replacement therapy (HRT) which combines estrogen and synthetic progesterone to relieve menopause discomfort. What are the risks associated with HRT

A

Increases breast cancer risk
Increases thrombosis and embolism risk

69
Q

What is amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstrual flow

70
Q

What is dysmenorrhea

A

Painful or difficult menstruation

71
Q

What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

Condition in which nervousness, irritability, and depression precede the menstrual period

72
Q

What are fibroids

A

(Myomas) common tumors of the uterus.
-often small, usually benign and produce no symptoms

73
Q

What is the most common cancer in women regarding reproductive system

A

Endometrial cancer
(Ovarian cancer second most common)

74
Q

Cervical cancer is linked with? How can it be diagnosed

A

Linked with HPV and detected through Pap smear

75
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) what is it usually caused by?

A

Due to extension of infections from the reproductive organs into the pelvic cavity. Usually caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia initially

A&P II (12 decks)

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