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A&P II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration

A

The process of obtaining oxygen from environment and delivering it to cells

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2
Q

What are the 4 processes of respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation
External gas exchange
Gas transport in the blood
Internal gas exchange

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3
Q

Air exchange between the atmosphere and the air sacs of the lungs; inhalation and exhalation. This describes?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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4
Q

Describe external gas exchange

A

Oxygen diffuses from air sacs in the lungs into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood

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5
Q

Blood moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues

A

Gas transport in the blood

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6
Q

Describe internal gas exchange

A

Oxygen diffuses from blood tissue cells and carbon dioxide passes from cells into blood

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7
Q

What is the mode of gas exchange

A

Diffusion

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8
Q

What are the main components of the respiratory system

A

Upper respiratory tract
And lower respiratory tract

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9
Q

Upper respiratory tract is composed of

A

Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx

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10
Q

Lower respiratory tract consists of

A

Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchial tree
Lungs
Pleura

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11
Q

Respiratory mucosa is a

A

Mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract

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12
Q

Respiratory mucosa secretes?
What are within this lining?

A

Secretes mucus
Goblet cells within this lining

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13
Q

Cilia on mucosal cells beat in only one direction moving mucus?

A

Upward to pharynx for removal

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14
Q

What are the 5 structures of the nose

A

Nares (nostrils)
Nasal septum
Two nasal cavities
Mucous membrane and cilia
Paranasal sinuses

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15
Q

Nasal septum contains 3 portions which are

A

Superior portion; ethmoid bone
Inferior portion; vomer bone
Anterior extension; cartilage

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16
Q

Paranasal sinuses consist of? Where do they drain into?

A

Maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal
Drain into the nose
*prone to infection

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17
Q

What are the 4 functions of the nose

A

Filters foreign bodies
Warms and moistens inhaled air
Contains sense organs for smell
Sinuses resonate the voice and lighten skull bones

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18
Q

The pharynx carries air to

A

Respiratory tract and food to digestive system

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19
Q

Nasopharynx location and what it consists of?

A

Superior portion behind the nasal cavity
-pharyngeal tonsils and opening of auditory tubes

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20
Q

Oropharynx location and consists of?

A

Middle portion behind the mouth
-palatine tonsils

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21
Q

Laryngeal pharynx location

A

Inferior portion
Opens into the larynx toward the front and into the esophagus toward the posterior

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22
Q

What are the 3 functions of the pharynx

A

Passageway for food and liquids
Air distribution; passageway for air
Immune protection

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23
Q

The larynx is AKA? Where is it found?

A

Aka voice box
Found between the pharynx and trachea

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24
Q

Framework of the larynx consists of

A

Cartilage
Vocal folds

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25
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

Leaf shaped cartilage that covers larynx during swallowing

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26
Q

The vocal folds stretch across the

A

Interior of the larynx

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27
Q

What is the glottis

A

Space between vocal cords

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28
Q

The functions of the larynx is

A

Air passage to and from lungs
Voice production

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29
Q

The trachea is aka

A

Windpipe

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30
Q

The trachea is a tube that extends from larynx into the thoracic cavity. What is it composed of? What does it conduct?

A

Composed of cartilage rings that hold trachea open
Conducts air between the larynx and the lungs

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31
Q

Blockage of the trachea occludes the airway and if complete causes

A

Death in minutes

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32
Q

The bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli together make up the

A

Respiratory tree

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33
Q

Trachea divides into

A

2 primary bronchi that enter the lungs
(Right bronchus is considerably larger in diameter than the left and extends downward)

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34
Q

Each bronchus branches into smaller and smaller tubes (secondary bronchi) eventually leading to

A

Bronchioles

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35
Q

Bronchioles subdivide into alveolar ducts and end in

A

Alveolar sacs (clusters of microscopic alveoli)

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36
Q

What is the hilum

A

A notch or depression found where the bronchus entered the lungs
-blood vessels and nerves connect with the lung here

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37
Q

What occurs at the alveoli

A

External gas exchange
(Single layer epithelium = east passage)

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38
Q

Bronchi and bronchioles facilitates

A

Air distribution
-passageway for air to move to and from alveoli

39
Q

Alveoli allows for exchange of gasses between

A

Lung and blood

40
Q

Some alveolar cells produce _____ to help reduce surface tension or stickiness

A

Surfactant

41
Q

Right lung has how many lobes

A

3

42
Q

Left lung has how many lobes

A

2

43
Q

Surfactant deficiency disorder is a respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn. Describe it

A

Surfactant is produced by specialized fetal lung cells starting at about 26 weeks
SO….. premature babies (earlier than 6 weeks) may not be able to facilitate lung expansion bc unable to produce surfactant

44
Q

What is the pleura
(Bilayered)

A

Moist smooth slippery membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers outer surface of lungs

45
Q

The parietal pleura is the portion attached to the

A

Chest wall

46
Q

The visceral pleura is the portion attached to

A

The surface of the lung

47
Q

Each closed sac completely surrounds the lung except at

A

The root of the lung

48
Q

The pleura reduces friction between

A

The lungs and chest wall during breathing

49
Q

What is the pleural space
What does it contain

A

Space between the two layers of the pleura
Contains a thick film of fluid that lubricates the membranes

50
Q

Lungs and pleura function

A

Breathing
(Pulmonary ventilation)

51
Q

What is pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura

52
Q

Presence of air in the pleural space that results in partial or complete collapse of the lung is known as

A

Pneumothorax

53
Q

Hemothorax is presence of?
What does it result in?

A

Presence of blood in the pleural space
Results in partial or complete collapse of the lung

54
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is movement of air

A

Into and out of the lungs

55
Q

Pulmonary ventilation includes 2 phases

A

Inhalation (inspiration)
Exhalation (expiration)

56
Q

Changes in size and shape of thorax cause changes in

A

Air pressure shut in it and in the lungs

57
Q

As volume changes pressure changes in the

A

Opposite direction

58
Q

Air moves into or out of lungs because of

A

Pressure differences (pressure gradient)

59
Q

The diaphragm is a strong dome shaped muscle attached to the body wall around the base of the rib cage. What does it separate

A

Thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

60
Q

Inspiration muscles contract to?
What muscles are these?

A

Contract to enlarge the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

61
Q

Forceful inhalation also use the muscles of the

A

Neck to provide greater thoracic expansion

62
Q

Upon inhalation the diaphragm _____ and moves _____
Intercostal muscles _____ and lifts ribs _____

A

Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards
Intercostal muscles contract and lifts ribs upward

63
Q

The ease with which one can expand the lungs and thorax is decreased by

A

Disease that damage or scar lung tissue
Deficiency of surfactant
Fluid accumulation

64
Q

What is a spirometer

A

Tool used to measure the volume of air moved by pulmonary ventilation
-determines individuals respiratory function

65
Q

Lung volumes: tidal volume

A

The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in quiet relaxed breathing

66
Q

Lung volumes: residual volumes

A

Volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation

67
Q

Inspiration reserve volume

A

The additional amount that can be inhaled by force after a normal inhalation

68
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Additional amount that can be exhaled by force after a normal exhalation

69
Q

Vital capacity

A

Volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation

70
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation

71
Q

Total lung capacity

A

The total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation

72
Q

What describes gasses moving between the lung alveoli and the capillary blood in the lungs

A

External exchange

73
Q

Internal exchange describes

A

Gases moving between blood and tissues

74
Q

Diffusion is movement of molecules from a ____ to _____ concentration

A

Higher to lower

75
Q

What moves out of lung capillary blood into alveolar air sacs and out of body in expired air

A

Carbon dioxide

76
Q

Blood is rich in carbon dioxide from

A

Cellular metabolism

77
Q

3 methods of travel of carbon dioxide

A

-Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
-Converts into bicarbonate ion
-dissolved in a solution

78
Q

What moves out of the alveolar sacs into the lung capillary blood

A

Oxygen

79
Q

Hemoglobin combines with oxygen, producing

A

Oxyhemoglobin

80
Q

CO2 diffuses from the cells into the blood to be transported to the lungs in 3 ways: 10% is dissolved in the

A

Plasma and the fluid in the RBC

81
Q

CO2 diffuses from the cells into the blood to be transported to the lungs in 3 ways: 15% is combined with protein of

A

Hemoglobin and plasma proteins

82
Q

CO2 diffuses from the cells into the blood to be transported to the lungs in 3 ways: 75% dissolves in blood fluids and is converted to

A

Bicarbonate ion

83
Q

Respiration is regulated by

A

Changes in cellular oxygen demand and carbon dioxide production

84
Q

CNS Control; Control centre located partly in the medulla and partly in the pons of the Brainstem control what

A

Contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

85
Q

What do chemoreceptors respond to

A

Changes in blood level of carbon discover hydrogen ion and oxygen

86
Q

Central chemoreceptors are located where and respond to what

A

Located near the medullary respiratory centre
Respond to raised CO2 levels (hypercapnia)

87
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located where and respond to what

A

Located in carotid and aortic bodies
Respond mainly to decrease in oxygen levels

88
Q

What has the most immediate effect in regulating respiration

A

Carbon dioxide

89
Q

Oxygen becomes a controlling factor when its levels

A

Fall considerably below normal (aka high altitudes or lung disease)

90
Q

What is normal respiratory rates for adults

A

12-20 times per minute

91
Q

In hypoventilation concentration of co2 in blood is

A

High
Due to obstruction, drugs, high altitude, holding breath, disease

92
Q

Anoxia

A

Total lack of oxygen

93
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nosebleed as a result of injury to the mucous membranes

94
Q

Croup usually affects children under 3. What is inflamed? Is it viral?

A

Larynx is inflamed
It is viral

A&P II (12 decks)

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