Respiratory System Flashcards by Kate Niznik

What is respiration

The process of obtaining oxygen from environment and delivering it to cells

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What are the 4 processes of respiration

Pulmonary ventilation
External gas exchange
Gas transport in the blood
Internal gas exchange

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Air exchange between the atmosphere and the air sacs of the lungs; inhalation and exhalation. This describes?

Pulmonary ventilation

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Describe external gas exchange

Oxygen diffuses from air sacs in the lungs into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood

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Blood moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues

Gas transport in the blood

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Describe internal gas exchange

Oxygen diffuses from blood tissue cells and carbon dioxide passes from cells into blood

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What is the mode of gas exchange

Diffusion

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What are the main components of the respiratory system

Upper respiratory tract
And lower respiratory tract

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Upper respiratory tract is composed of

Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx

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Lower respiratory tract consists of

Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchial tree
Lungs
Pleura

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Respiratory mucosa is a

Mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract

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Respiratory mucosa secretes?
What are within this lining?

Secretes mucus
Goblet cells within this lining

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Cilia on mucosal cells beat in only one direction moving mucus?

Upward to pharynx for removal

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What are the 5 structures of the nose

Nares (nostrils)
Nasal septum
Two nasal cavities
Mucous membrane and cilia
Paranasal sinuses

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Nasal septum contains 3 portions which are

Superior portion; ethmoid bone
Inferior portion; vomer bone
Anterior extension; cartilage

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Paranasal sinuses consist of? Where do they drain into?

Maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal
Drain into the nose
*prone to infection

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What are the 4 functions of the nose

Filters foreign bodies
Warms and moistens inhaled air
Contains sense organs for smell
Sinuses resonate the voice and lighten skull bones

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The pharynx carries air to

Respiratory tract and food to digestive system

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Nasopharynx location and what it consists of?

Superior portion behind the nasal cavity
-pharyngeal tonsils and opening of auditory tubes

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Oropharynx location and consists of?

Middle portion behind the mouth
-palatine tonsils

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Laryngeal pharynx location

Inferior portion
Opens into the larynx toward the front and into the esophagus toward the posterior

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What are the 3 functions of the pharynx

Passageway for food and liquids
Air distribution; passageway for air
Immune protection

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The larynx is AKA? Where is it found?

Aka voice box
Found between the pharynx and trachea

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Framework of the larynx consists of

Cartilage
Vocal folds

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What is the epiglottis

Leaf shaped cartilage that covers larynx during swallowing

The vocal folds stretch across the

Interior of the larynx

What is the glottis

Space between vocal cords

The functions of the larynx is

Air passage to and from lungs Voice production

The trachea is aka

Windpipe

The trachea is a tube that extends from larynx into the thoracic cavity. What is it composed of? What does it conduct?

Composed of cartilage rings that hold trachea open Conducts air between the larynx and the lungs

Blockage of the trachea occludes the airway and if complete causes

Death in minutes

The bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli together make up the

Respiratory tree

Trachea divides into

2 primary bronchi that enter the lungs (Right bronchus is considerably larger in diameter than the left and extends downward)

Each bronchus branches into smaller and smaller tubes (secondary bronchi) eventually leading to

Bronchioles

Bronchioles subdivide into alveolar ducts and end in

Alveolar sacs (clusters of microscopic alveoli)

What is the hilum

A notch or depression found where the bronchus entered the lungs -blood vessels and nerves connect with the lung here

What occurs at the alveoli

External gas exchange (Single layer epithelium = east passage)

Bronchi and bronchioles facilitates

Air distribution -passageway for air to move to and from alveoli

Alveoli allows for exchange of gasses between

Lung and blood

Some alveolar cells produce _____ to help reduce surface tension or stickiness

Surfactant

Right lung has how many lobes

Left lung has how many lobes

Surfactant deficiency disorder is a respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn. Describe it

Surfactant is produced by specialized fetal lung cells starting at about 26 weeks SO….. premature babies (earlier than 6 weeks) may not be able to facilitate lung expansion bc unable to produce surfactant

What is the pleura (Bilayered)

Moist smooth slippery membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers outer surface of lungs

The parietal pleura is the portion attached to the

Chest wall

The visceral pleura is the portion attached to

The surface of the lung

Each closed sac completely surrounds the lung except at

The root of the lung

The pleura reduces friction between

The lungs and chest wall during breathing

What is the pleural space What does it contain

Space between the two layers of the pleura Contains a thick film of fluid that lubricates the membranes

Lungs and pleura function

Breathing (Pulmonary ventilation)

What is pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura

Presence of air in the pleural space that results in partial or complete collapse of the lung is known as

Pneumothorax

Hemothorax is presence of? What does it result in?

Presence of blood in the pleural space Results in partial or complete collapse of the lung

Pulmonary ventilation is movement of air

Into and out of the lungs

Pulmonary ventilation includes 2 phases

Inhalation (inspiration) Exhalation (expiration)

Changes in size and shape of thorax cause changes in

Air pressure shut in it and in the lungs

As volume changes pressure changes in the

Opposite direction

Air moves into or out of lungs because of

Pressure differences (pressure gradient)

The diaphragm is a strong dome shaped muscle attached to the body wall around the base of the rib cage. What does it separate

Thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Inspiration muscles contract to? What muscles are these?

Contract to enlarge the thoracic cavity Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Forceful inhalation also use the muscles of the

Neck to provide greater thoracic expansion

Upon inhalation the diaphragm _____ and moves _____ Intercostal muscles _____ and lifts ribs _____

Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards Intercostal muscles contract and lifts ribs upward

The ease with which one can expand the lungs and thorax is decreased by

Disease that damage or scar lung tissue Deficiency of surfactant Fluid accumulation

What is a spirometer

Tool used to measure the volume of air moved by pulmonary ventilation -determines individuals respiratory function

Lung volumes: tidal volume

The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in quiet relaxed breathing

Lung volumes: residual volumes

Volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation

Inspiration reserve volume

The additional amount that can be inhaled by force after a normal inhalation

Expiratory reserve volume

Additional amount that can be exhaled by force after a normal exhalation

Vital capacity

Volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation

Functional residual capacity

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation

Total lung capacity

The total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation

What describes gasses moving between the lung alveoli and the capillary blood in the lungs

External exchange

Internal exchange describes

Gases moving between blood and tissues

Diffusion is movement of molecules from a ____ to _____ concentration

Higher to lower

What moves out of lung capillary blood into alveolar air sacs and out of body in expired air

Carbon dioxide

Blood is rich in carbon dioxide from

Cellular metabolism

3 methods of travel of carbon dioxide

-Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin -Converts into bicarbonate ion -dissolved in a solution

What moves out of the alveolar sacs into the lung capillary blood

Oxygen

Hemoglobin combines with oxygen, producing

Oxyhemoglobin

CO2 diffuses from the cells into the blood to be transported to the lungs in 3 ways: 10% is dissolved in the

Plasma and the fluid in the RBC

CO2 diffuses from the cells into the blood to be transported to the lungs in 3 ways: 15% is combined with protein of

Hemoglobin and plasma proteins

CO2 diffuses from the cells into the blood to be transported to the lungs in 3 ways: 75% dissolves in blood fluids and is converted to

Bicarbonate ion

Respiration is regulated by

Changes in cellular oxygen demand and carbon dioxide production

CNS Control; Control centre located partly in the medulla and partly in the pons of the Brainstem control what

Contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

What do chemoreceptors respond to

Changes in blood level of carbon discover hydrogen ion and oxygen

Central chemoreceptors are located where and respond to what

Located near the medullary respiratory centre Respond to raised CO2 levels (hypercapnia)

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located where and respond to what

Located in carotid and aortic bodies Respond mainly to decrease in oxygen levels

What has the most immediate effect in regulating respiration

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen becomes a controlling factor when its levels

Fall considerably below normal (aka high altitudes or lung disease)

What is normal respiratory rates for adults

12-20 times per minute

In hypoventilation concentration of co2 in blood is

High Due to obstruction, drugs, high altitude, holding breath, disease

Anoxia

Total lack of oxygen

Epistaxis

Nosebleed as a result of injury to the mucous membranes

Croup usually affects children under 3. What is inflamed? Is it viral?

Larynx is inflamed It is viral