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A&P II > Week 3 Immunity > Flashcards

Week 3 Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity refers to?

A

All the defenses that protects us against disease

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2
Q

How do infections occur? (4)

A

Portal of entry
Virulence
Dose
The individual

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3
Q

Virulence refers to?

A

How aggressive is the pathogen
-the organisms power to overcome the defenses of the host; toxin production

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4
Q

What are the 2 lines of defense in immunity

A

Innate
Adaptive

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5
Q

Innate defenses

A

Are inborn
Rapid, fairly non specific, can help prevent or slow infections

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6
Q

Adaptive defenses

A

Slower, specific to a pathogen, can completely eliminate the disease

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7
Q

What are the first line of defense which are innate barriers? (4)

A

The skin
Mucous membranes
Body secretions
Reflexes (sneezing/coughing/vomiting)

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8
Q

Second line of defenses include innate cells and chemicals such as (5)

A

-Phagocytosis (neutrophils & macrophages)
-Natural killer cells
-cytokines and other chemicals (interferon & complement)
-inflammation
-fever

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9
Q

In phagocytosis white blood cells take in and destroy

A

Waste and foreign material
(Neutrophils and macrophages)

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10
Q

Natural kill cells is a type of lymphocyte found in

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
Blood

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11
Q

Natural killer cells recognizes body cells with abnormal membranes and secretes?

A

Proteins that breaks down the cell membrane

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12
Q

What are interferons
*hint think interfere

A

Proteins released from virus infected cells that prevent nearby cells from producing more virus

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13
Q

What are cytokines

A

Essential part of the inflammatory process. A peptide (small protein) produced by immune cells or other body cells that are used for cellular signalling

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14
Q

Complement refers to

A

Specialized proteins in blood that are activated by immune responses

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15
Q

Complement promotes what 2 things

A

Inflammation
Phagocytosis

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16
Q

Complement promotes inflammation and phagocytosis by? (4)

A

Binds to foreign cells
Destroys cells
Promotes inflammation
Attracts phagocytes

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17
Q

Describe inflammation

A

A nonspecific defensive response to a tissue damaging irritant

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18
Q

Inflammatory reaction includes

A

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain

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19
Q

What 3 things occur with a fever

A

Stimulates phagocytes
Increases metabolism
Decreases some organisms ability to multiply

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20
Q

A fever is a sign that

A

The body’s defense is working

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21
Q

Adaptive immunity is aka

A

Acquired immunity

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22
Q

Adaptive immunity is stimulated by?

A

Antigens

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23
Q

What is an antigen

A

Substance capable of inducing a specific immune response

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24
Q

Antigens stimulate the activity of

A

T or B cells (lymphocytes)

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25
An antigen is a substance that induces the formation of antibodies because?
It is recognized by the immune system as a threat
26
Where do T cells originate
In red bone marrow
27
T cells migrate and mature where
Migrate to the thymus and mature there
28
T cells provide ?
Cell mediated immunity
29
T cells are defense against ?
Cancer cells Viruses Pathogens that grow within cells
30
What are the 4 types of T cells
Cytotoxic Helper Regulatory Memory
31
Cytotoxic T cells directly destroy
Certain abnormal cells
32
Cytotoxic T cells produce substances that cause cells to self destruct through?
Apoptosis *tightly regulated cell suicide)
33
Helper T cells release what? Stimulate what?
Release interleukins Stimulate the response of cytotoxic T cells, B cells and macrophages
34
Helper T cells act on
White blood cells
35
What do regulatory T cells do?
Suppress the immune response to stop the system from becoming overactive
36
What do memory T cells do?
Remember an antigen
37
T cells cannot respond to foreign antigens directly, an antigen must be shown to them by?
An APC (antigen presenting cells)
38
What are the most important antigen presenting cells (APC)
Dendritic cells (large phagocytic cells with fibrous arms) and macrophages
39
B Cells originate and mature in?
Red bone marrow
40
B Cells produce what in response to antigens ?
Antibodies or immunoglobulins
41
B cells provide?
Humoral immunity -long term immunity -protects against circulating antigens and bacteria that grow OUTSIDE the cell
42
There are 2 types of B cells which are
Plasma cells (secrete antibodies) Memory B cells
43
Antibodies are produced in response to a specific antigen and they bind much like a
Lock and key model
44
Some active B cells don’t become plasma cells but become
Memory cells
45
Antibodies do what 3 things?
Inhibit the pathogens ability to infect other cells Neutralize toxins Promote the activities of other immune agents
46
What does natural active immunity refer to
Acquired through contact with a specific disease organism
47
Natural passive immunity refers to
Acquired through transmission of maternal antibodies to fetus and baby
48
What is a vaccine
A preparation that is administered to stimulate antibody production and T cell activation against a particular pathogen
49
Vaccines can be made with
Live or dead organisms
50
There are 4 types of vaccines which are?
Live Toxoid Antigenic component or genetically engineered mRNA Vaccines
51
A toxoid vaccine is a
Altered toxin used to produce active immunity
52
Live vaccines are attenuated which means
Attenuated meaning the organism has been weakened for use -virulence must be reduced to prevent disease
53
mRNA vaccines do not use? What does it use?
Does not use A live virus or DNA It uses messenger RNA to teach our cells how to make a protein that will trigger antibodies
54
What is an antiserum
Readymade serum that provides short lived effective protection against organisms *quick fix*
55
Antiserums prevent disease in individual with no established immunity who is exposed to?
Virulent organisms
56
Examples of antiserums
Diptheria Rabies Antivenins (snake bite) Tetanus
57
What are allergens
Environmental substances that induce hypersensitivity reactions
58
What is multiple myeloma
Bone marrow tumours
59
Blood cancer affects
Plasma cells
60
Multiple myeloma results in?
Lowered resistance to infection Anemia Bone pain Body tissue loss Kidney failure
61
Immune surveillance is a theory that the immune system
Recognizes and destroys tumor cells that are constantly arising during the life of the individual
62
What is rejection syndrome
Immune system destroys the newly transplanted tissue or organs from another person or animal
63
Rejection syndrome is reduced by
Tissue typing Immune suppression drugs

A&P II (12 decks)

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