Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II > Week 3 Immunity > Flashcards

Week 3 Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity refers to?

A

All the defenses that protects us against disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do infections occur? (4)

A

Portal of entry
Virulence
Dose
The individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Virulence refers to?

A

How aggressive is the pathogen
-the organisms power to overcome the defenses of the host; toxin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 lines of defense in immunity

A

Innate
Adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Innate defenses

A

Are inborn
Rapid, fairly non specific, can help prevent or slow infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Adaptive defenses

A

Slower, specific to a pathogen, can completely eliminate the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the first line of defense which are innate barriers? (4)

A

The skin
Mucous membranes
Body secretions
Reflexes (sneezing/coughing/vomiting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Second line of defenses include innate cells and chemicals such as (5)

A

-Phagocytosis (neutrophils & macrophages)
-Natural killer cells
-cytokines and other chemicals (interferon & complement)
-inflammation
-fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In phagocytosis white blood cells take in and destroy

A

Waste and foreign material
(Neutrophils and macrophages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Natural kill cells is a type of lymphocyte found in

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Natural killer cells recognizes body cells with abnormal membranes and secretes?

A

Proteins that breaks down the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are interferons
*hint think interfere

A

Proteins released from virus infected cells that prevent nearby cells from producing more virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are cytokines

A

Essential part of the inflammatory process. A peptide (small protein) produced by immune cells or other body cells that are used for cellular signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Complement refers to

A

Specialized proteins in blood that are activated by immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Complement promotes what 2 things

A

Inflammation
Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Complement promotes inflammation and phagocytosis by? (4)

A

Binds to foreign cells
Destroys cells
Promotes inflammation
Attracts phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe inflammation

A

A nonspecific defensive response to a tissue damaging irritant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inflammatory reaction includes

A

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 3 things occur with a fever

A

Stimulates phagocytes
Increases metabolism
Decreases some organisms ability to multiply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A fever is a sign that

A

The body’s defense is working

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Adaptive immunity is aka

A

Acquired immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Adaptive immunity is stimulated by?

A

Antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an antigen

A

Substance capable of inducing a specific immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Antigens stimulate the activity of

A

T or B cells (lymphocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

An antigen is a substance that induces the formation of antibodies because?

A

It is recognized by the immune system as a threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where do T cells originate

A

In red bone marrow

27
Q

T cells migrate and mature where

A

Migrate to the thymus and mature there

28
Q

T cells provide ?

A

Cell mediated immunity

29
Q

T cells are defense against ?

A

Cancer cells
Viruses
Pathogens that grow within cells

30
Q

What are the 4 types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic
Helper
Regulatory
Memory

31
Q

Cytotoxic T cells directly destroy

A

Certain abnormal cells

32
Q

Cytotoxic T cells produce substances that cause cells to self destruct through?

A

Apoptosis
*tightly regulated cell suicide)

33
Q

Helper T cells release what?
Stimulate what?

A

Release interleukins
Stimulate the response of cytotoxic T cells, B cells and macrophages

34
Q

Helper T cells act on

A

White blood cells

35
Q

What do regulatory T cells do?

A

Suppress the immune response to stop the system from becoming overactive

36
Q

What do memory T cells do?

A

Remember an antigen

37
Q

T cells cannot respond to foreign antigens directly, an antigen must be shown to them by?

A

An APC (antigen presenting cells)

38
Q

What are the most important antigen presenting cells (APC)

A

Dendritic cells (large phagocytic cells with fibrous arms) and macrophages

39
Q

B Cells originate and mature in?

A

Red bone marrow

40
Q

B Cells produce what in response to antigens ?

A

Antibodies or immunoglobulins

41
Q

B cells provide?

A

Humoral immunity
-long term immunity
-protects against circulating antigens and bacteria that grow OUTSIDE the cell

42
Q

There are 2 types of B cells which are

A

Plasma cells (secrete antibodies)
Memory B cells

43
Q

Antibodies are produced in response to a specific antigen and they bind much like a

A

Lock and key model

44
Q

Some active B cells don’t become plasma cells but become

A

Memory cells

45
Q

Antibodies do what 3 things?

A

Inhibit the pathogens ability to infect other cells
Neutralize toxins
Promote the activities of other immune agents

46
Q

What does natural active immunity refer to

A

Acquired through contact with a specific disease organism

47
Q

Natural passive immunity refers to

A

Acquired through transmission of maternal antibodies to fetus and baby

48
Q

What is a vaccine

A

A preparation that is administered to stimulate antibody production and T cell activation against a particular pathogen

49
Q

Vaccines can be made with

A

Live or dead organisms

50
Q

There are 4 types of vaccines which are?

A

Live
Toxoid
Antigenic component or genetically engineered
mRNA Vaccines

51
Q

A toxoid vaccine is a

A

Altered toxin used to produce active immunity

52
Q

Live vaccines are attenuated which means

A

Attenuated meaning the organism has been weakened for use
-virulence must be reduced to prevent disease

53
Q

mRNA vaccines do not use?
What does it use?

A

Does not use A live virus or DNA
It uses messenger RNA to teach our cells how to make a protein that will trigger antibodies

54
Q

What is an antiserum

A

Readymade serum that provides short lived effective protection against organisms
quick fix

55
Q

Antiserums prevent disease in individual with no established immunity who is exposed to?

A

Virulent organisms

56
Q

Examples of antiserums

A

Diptheria
Rabies
Antivenins (snake bite)
Tetanus

57
Q

What are allergens

A

Environmental substances that induce hypersensitivity reactions

58
Q

What is multiple myeloma

A

Bone marrow tumours

59
Q

Blood cancer affects

A

Plasma cells

60
Q

Multiple myeloma results in?

A

Lowered resistance to infection
Anemia
Bone pain
Body tissue loss
Kidney failure

61
Q

Immune surveillance is a theory that the immune system

A

Recognizes and destroys tumor cells that are constantly arising during the life of the individual

62
Q

What is rejection syndrome

A

Immune system destroys the newly transplanted tissue or organs from another person or animal

63
Q

Rejection syndrome is reduced by

A

Tissue typing
Immune suppression drugs

A&P II (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions