Urinary System Flashcards
what are the functions of the urinary system (excretory system)
excretion
regulates volume (water hydration), acid base balance (blood pH), and electrolyte composition of body fluids
what are other systems that function in excretion
digestive
respiratory
integumentary
what are the main parts of the urinary system
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
the kidneys are vital organs. they are essential for
homeostasis ad maintenance of life
What happens if the kidneys fail
nitrogenous waste products (i.e urea and ammonia) can accumulate and reach toxic levels
5 functions of the kidneys include
waste excretion
homeostasis of body fluids
BP homeostasis
hormone production
blood glucose control
Low BP stimulates the production of
renin
(enzyme which activates angiotensin aka blood protein) which increases BP
what hormone is produced by the kidney? what does this hormone stimulate
produces erythropoietin (EPO). this stimulates RBC production in bone marrow
the kidney also activates what vitamin
vitamin D
where are the kidneys located
retroperitoneal space under back muscles in upper abdomen (protected by lower ribcage)
Blood enters kidney via
renal artery
blood leaves the kidney through what and goes into where?
leaves via renal vein and goes into inferior vena cava
the kidney is what shape
bean shaped
Kidney structure: what is the hilum
notch on medial border
(connects renal artery, renal vein and ureter to kidey)
Kidney structure: what is the renal pelvis
funnel shaped basin, forms upper end of ureter (lies inside kidney)
Calyces is
Extensions/divisions of the renal pelvis
Kidney structure is divided into 2 regions which are
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Outer portion of the kidney
Renal cortex
Inner portion of kidney; contains tubes in which urine is formed and collected
Renal medulla
Within the renal medulla there is renal pyramids which are
Cone shaped, formed from tubes and points toward renal pelvis
Highly convoluted microscopic functional (filtration) unit; over a million in each kidney
Nephron
Afferent arteriole brings blood to
The glomerulus
Efferent arteriole carries blood from the
Glomerulus
Renal corpuscle contains the
Bowman capsule and glomerulus
Cup shaped top of a nephron (drains into tubule)
Bowman capsule
What is the glomerulus? What does it filter
Network of blood capillaries tucked into the bowman capsule; filters waste from the blood
Renal tubule contains? (4)
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Henle loop
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Collecting duct (CD)
Glomerular filtration occurs continuously, it is described as the movement of
Water and dissolved substances under pressure from the glomeruli blood into the bowman capsule
What occurs after the process of filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular reabsorption involves the movement of water and other needed substances from the
Filtrate back into the blood
In tubular reabsorption water and glucose and ions leave the tubule and enter the surrounding tissue fluid by several processes which are
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
What remain in the tubule in tubular reabsorption
Urea and other waste products
What occurs before the filtrate leaves the body as urine
Tubular secretion
Tubular secretion involves movement of substances from the
Blood (in peritubular capillaries) into the distal and collecting ducts
Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, urea, uric acid, creatinine and certain drugs are secreted by
Active transport
What is secreted by diffusion
Ammonia
What influences the amount of water that is eliminated with the urine
ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
ADH allows more water to be reabsorbed so less is
Excreted with the urine
ADH ____ the urine
Concentrates
Juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus consists of specialized cells in the kidney, what does it regulate
Blood pressure
Changes in blood pressure are detected by measuring
Tubular sodium content
Decreased sodium content (thus BP) ____ renin production (enzyme)
Increases
What participates in the production of angiotensin II
Renin
Angiotensin II raises
Blood pressure
(Vasoconstriction, increased ADH production, increased aldosterone production)
What are long slender muscular tubes that contain stretchable transitional epithelial cell lining
Ureters
The urinary bladder is an elastic muscular organ, capable of great expansion. Lines by mucous membranes. Function include?
Storage of urine before voiding
Voiding
The floor of the bladder is the
Trigone
When the urinary bladder is empty it is located below the
Parietal peritoneum and behind the pubic joint
If the urinary bladder is full it pushes the peritoneum
Upward and may extend well into the abdominal cavity proper
unprotected
What is the tube that extends from the bladder to the outside and carries the urine
Urethra
What are the 2 function of the male urethra
-Terminal portion of the urinary tract
-Passageway for transport of the reproductive fluid from the body
The female urethra function is
Terminal portion of urinary tract only
To leave the body, urine passes from
The bladder down the urethra out of its external opening the urinary meatus
The continuity of the urinary mucous lining accounts for the fact that an infection of the urethra may
Spread upward through the urinary tract
The terms micturition, urination and voiding all refer to the
Passage of urine from the body or the emptying of the bladder
What are the two regulatory sphincters
-Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary control @bladder exit)
-external urethral sphincter (voluntary control formed by the muscles of the pelvic floor)
In urinary retention the kidneys produce urine but for one reason or another
The bladder does not empty itself
Urinalysis is the
Physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine
