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A&P II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the urinary system (excretory system)

A

excretion
regulates volume (water hydration), acid base balance (blood pH), and electrolyte composition of body fluids

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2
Q

what are other systems that function in excretion

A

digestive
respiratory
integumentary

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3
Q

what are the main parts of the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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4
Q

the kidneys are vital organs. they are essential for

A

homeostasis ad maintenance of life

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5
Q

What happens if the kidneys fail

A

nitrogenous waste products (i.e urea and ammonia) can accumulate and reach toxic levels

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6
Q

5 functions of the kidneys include

A

waste excretion
homeostasis of body fluids
BP homeostasis
hormone production
blood glucose control

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7
Q

Low BP stimulates the production of

A

renin
(enzyme which activates angiotensin aka blood protein) which increases BP

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8
Q

what hormone is produced by the kidney? what does this hormone stimulate

A

produces erythropoietin (EPO). this stimulates RBC production in bone marrow

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9
Q

the kidney also activates what vitamin

A

vitamin D

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10
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

retroperitoneal space under back muscles in upper abdomen (protected by lower ribcage)

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11
Q

Blood enters kidney via

A

renal artery

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12
Q

blood leaves the kidney through what and goes into where?

A

leaves via renal vein and goes into inferior vena cava

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13
Q

the kidney is what shape

A

bean shaped

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14
Q

Kidney structure: what is the hilum

A

notch on medial border
(connects renal artery, renal vein and ureter to kidey)

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15
Q

Kidney structure: what is the renal pelvis

A

funnel shaped basin, forms upper end of ureter (lies inside kidney)

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16
Q

Calyces is

A

Extensions/divisions of the renal pelvis

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17
Q

Kidney structure is divided into 2 regions which are

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla

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18
Q

Outer portion of the kidney

A

Renal cortex

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19
Q

Inner portion of kidney; contains tubes in which urine is formed and collected

A

Renal medulla

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20
Q

Within the renal medulla there is renal pyramids which are

A

Cone shaped, formed from tubes and points toward renal pelvis

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21
Q

Highly convoluted microscopic functional (filtration) unit; over a million in each kidney

A

Nephron

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22
Q

Afferent arteriole brings blood to

A

The glomerulus

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23
Q

Efferent arteriole carries blood from the

A

Glomerulus

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24
Q

Renal corpuscle contains the

A

Bowman capsule and glomerulus

25
Q

Cup shaped top of a nephron (drains into tubule)

A

Bowman capsule

26
Q

What is the glomerulus? What does it filter

A

Network of blood capillaries tucked into the bowman capsule; filters waste from the blood

27
Q

Renal tubule contains? (4)

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Henle loop
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Collecting duct (CD)

28
Q

Glomerular filtration occurs continuously, it is described as the movement of

A

Water and dissolved substances under pressure from the glomeruli blood into the bowman capsule

29
Q

What occurs after the process of filtration

A

Tubular reabsorption

30
Q

Tubular reabsorption involves the movement of water and other needed substances from the

A

Filtrate back into the blood

31
Q

In tubular reabsorption water and glucose and ions leave the tubule and enter the surrounding tissue fluid by several processes which are

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport

32
Q

What remain in the tubule in tubular reabsorption

A

Urea and other waste products

33
Q

What occurs before the filtrate leaves the body as urine

A

Tubular secretion

34
Q

Tubular secretion involves movement of substances from the

A

Blood (in peritubular capillaries) into the distal and collecting ducts

35
Q

Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, urea, uric acid, creatinine and certain drugs are secreted by

A

Active transport

36
Q

What is secreted by diffusion

A

Ammonia

37
Q

What influences the amount of water that is eliminated with the urine

A

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

38
Q

ADH allows more water to be reabsorbed so less is

A

Excreted with the urine

39
Q

ADH ____ the urine

A

Concentrates

40
Q

Juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus consists of specialized cells in the kidney, what does it regulate

A

Blood pressure

41
Q

Changes in blood pressure are detected by measuring

A

Tubular sodium content

42
Q

Decreased sodium content (thus BP) ____ renin production (enzyme)

A

Increases

43
Q

What participates in the production of angiotensin II

A

Renin

44
Q

Angiotensin II raises

A

Blood pressure
(Vasoconstriction, increased ADH production, increased aldosterone production)

45
Q

What are long slender muscular tubes that contain stretchable transitional epithelial cell lining

A

Ureters

46
Q

The urinary bladder is an elastic muscular organ, capable of great expansion. Lines by mucous membranes. Function include?

A

Storage of urine before voiding
Voiding

47
Q

The floor of the bladder is the

A

Trigone

48
Q

When the urinary bladder is empty it is located below the

A

Parietal peritoneum and behind the pubic joint

49
Q

If the urinary bladder is full it pushes the peritoneum

A

Upward and may extend well into the abdominal cavity proper
unprotected

50
Q

What is the tube that extends from the bladder to the outside and carries the urine

A

Urethra

51
Q

What are the 2 function of the male urethra

A

-Terminal portion of the urinary tract
-Passageway for transport of the reproductive fluid from the body

52
Q

The female urethra function is

A

Terminal portion of urinary tract only

53
Q

To leave the body, urine passes from

A

The bladder down the urethra out of its external opening the urinary meatus

54
Q

The continuity of the urinary mucous lining accounts for the fact that an infection of the urethra may

A

Spread upward through the urinary tract

55
Q

The terms micturition, urination and voiding all refer to the

A

Passage of urine from the body or the emptying of the bladder

56
Q

What are the two regulatory sphincters

A

-Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary control @bladder exit)
-external urethral sphincter (voluntary control formed by the muscles of the pelvic floor)

57
Q

In urinary retention the kidneys produce urine but for one reason or another

A

The bladder does not empty itself

58
Q

Urinalysis is the

A

Physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine

A&P II (12 decks)

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