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A&P II > Development & Birth > Flashcards

Development & Birth Flashcards

1
Q

Pregnancy begins with ___ and ends with ___

A

Begins with fertilization and ends with childbirth

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2
Q

How many weeks is gestation from fertilization

A

38 weeks

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3
Q

Prenatal period begins at ____ and continues until ____

A

Begins at conception and continues until birth

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4
Q

What combine their genetic information in fertilization

A

Nuclei of the egg and sperm

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5
Q

Fertilization to implantation takes how many days

A

10

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6
Q

Zygote = sperm + egg which have how many chromosomes

A

Full 46 chromosomes

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7
Q

After implantation has occurred what phase is beginning

A

Embryonic phase

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8
Q

Beginning of 3rd month is what phase

A

Fetal phase

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9
Q

What is the placenta

A

Flat, circular organ that consists of a spongy network of filled channels and capillary containing villi

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10
Q

The placenta consists of both

A

Maternal and embryonic tissue

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11
Q

Do the blood of the mother and the offspring mix?

A

No

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12
Q

What is the function of the placenta

A

Organ of nutrition respiration excretion for developing offspring

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13
Q

What carries blood back and forth from the embryo/fetus to the placenta

A

Umbilical cord

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14
Q

Blood bypasses what because they are nonfunctional

A

Fetal lungs

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15
Q

Once the lungs are functional the adaptations must close. The foramen ovale must close or it will result in

A

Congenital heart defects

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16
Q

Umbilical vein from placenta carries what kind of blood to the fetus

A

Oxygen rich blood

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17
Q

What shunts blood to inferior vena cava (high O2), bypassing the liver

A

Ductus venosus

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18
Q

Foramen ovale in atrial septum bypasses what

A

Right ventricle and pulmonary circuit

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19
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus connect

A

Connects pulmonary artery to descending aorta

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20
Q

Two umbilical arteries return blood to

A

Placenta for oxygenation

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21
Q

Two umbilical arteries return blood to

A

Placenta for oxygenation

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22
Q

Circulatory adaptations in order to bypass the nonfunctional lungs close after?

A

Birth of the baby
*failure to close results in congenital defects

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23
Q

What are the 5 placenta hormones

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Progesterone
Estrogen
Relaxin
Human placental lactogen (hPL)

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24
Q

hCG is produced by the blastocyst; it is

A

Diagnostic of pregnancy

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25
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Maintains pregnancy and helps prepare breasts for milk secretion
*inhibits myometrial contractions

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26
Q

What hormone promotes enlargement of the uterus and breasts

A

Estrogen

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27
Q

The hormone relaxin does what

A

Softens the cervix and relaxes the sacral joints and the pubic symphysis to widen birth canal for delivery

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28
Q

What hormone stimulates breasts to grow for lactation and regulates the levels of nutrients in the mothers blood to keep them available for the fetus

A

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

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29
Q

From fertilization to 8 weeks

A

Embryo

30
Q

From 9th week to birth

A

Fetus

31
Q

Entire gestation period is divided into how many trimesters

A

3

32
Q

What is the time period of the first trimester

A

Week 1 to end of week 12

33
Q

When is the first heartbeat?

A

Week 4

34
Q

What form by end of first month

A

Limb buds

35
Q

Human appearance at end of what month

A

Second month

36
Q

During the first trimester the developing embryo is highly sensitive to

A

Harmful substances and poor maternal nutrition

37
Q

Primitive nervous system is evident in week

A

3

38
Q

What is the time frame of the second trimester

A

Weeks 13-27

39
Q

The most rapid growth occurs when

A

Months 4-6

40
Q

Fetal skin is protected by

A

Vernix caseosa

41
Q

What can you determine in second trimester

A

Sex

42
Q

During the second trimester the amniotic sac fills with amniotic fluid this surrounds the fetus for

A

Protection
*breaks before birth aka water breaking

43
Q

Third trimester time frame is

A

Weeks 28 until birth

44
Q

The mother undergoes physical and metabolic changes in order to

A

Accommodate the growing fetus
Induced by hormone production

45
Q

What are the 4 physical/metabolic changes the mother undergoes to accommodate the fetus

A

-Heart pumps more blood to supply needs of the uterus and fetus
- lungs provide more oxygen by increasing the rate and depth of respiration
-kidneys excrete nitrogenous wastes from both the fetus and the mother
-digestive system supplies additional nutrients to maternal organs

46
Q

An ultrasound is used to

A

Diagnose pregnancy
Judge fetal age
Determine location of placenta
Show excess amniotic fluid and fetal abnormalities

47
Q

What stimulates contractions

A

Stretching of uterine muscles

48
Q

Pressure on cervix stimulates release of

A

Oxytocin
*which stimulates uterine contractions

49
Q

Childbirth is what kind of feedback loop

A

Positive feedback (intensifies a response)

50
Q

Parturition is aka

A

Labor

51
Q

How many stages of labor

A

4

52
Q

What is stage 1 of labor characterized by

A

Onset of uterine contractions until dilation of cervix is complete

53
Q

Stage 2 of labor begins when the cervix is

A

Fully dilated and ends with the birth of the baby

54
Q

Stage 3 of labor begins and ends when

A

After the child is born and ends with the expulsion of the placenta

55
Q

Stage 4 of labor begins after expulsion of the placenta and constitutes a

A

Period

56
Q

Fraternal twins is fertilization of

A

2 different eggs by two different sperm cells
* 2 placentas (just like regular siblings)

57
Q

Identical twins is

A

A single zygote
Usually single placenta
Always same sex with same traits

58
Q

A term infant is between how many weeks

A

37 and 42 weeks

59
Q

Preterm infant refers to

A

Arrival before 37 weeks or less that 5.5lbs

60
Q

Abortion can be spontaneous (miscarriage) or induced and it is the loss of the embryo before week

A

20 or 1.1lbs

61
Q

After week 20 the fetus is deemed viable meaning

A

It can live outside of the uterus
*if born before week 24 there is a 50% chance of survival

62
Q

Fetal death is characterized by loss of fetus after

A

Week 20

63
Q

Stillbirth means

A

Infant born lifeless

64
Q

Lactation is not functional until

A

The end of pregnancy

65
Q

What is pregnancy induced hypertension known as

A

Preeclampsia
*hypertension, protein in urine, general edema, sudden weight gain

66
Q

Eclampsia may occur if

A

Pregnancy induced hypertension is untreated

67
Q

Eclampsia may occur if

A

Pregnancy induced hypertension is untreated

68
Q

Eclampsia leads to

A

Convulsions; lead to kidney failure and coma. Could result in death of mother and baby

69
Q

Placenta previa is growth of placenta at or near the cervical opening. What can it interfere with

A

Can interfere with fetal oxygen supply

70
Q

Abruptio placentae is what

A

Placenta separates from uterine wall prematurely around 20 weeks.
*most common with women who have had multiple pregnancies or are older than 35, may require terminating pregnancy to save mother

A&P II (12 decks)

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