Development & Birth Flashcards by Kate Niznik

Pregnancy begins with ___ and ends with ___

Begins with fertilization and ends with childbirth

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How many weeks is gestation from fertilization

38 weeks

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Prenatal period begins at ____ and continues until ____

Begins at conception and continues until birth

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What combine their genetic information in fertilization

Nuclei of the egg and sperm

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Fertilization to implantation takes how many days

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Zygote = sperm + egg which have how many chromosomes

Full 46 chromosomes

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After implantation has occurred what phase is beginning

Embryonic phase

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Beginning of 3rd month is what phase

Fetal phase

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What is the placenta

Flat, circular organ that consists of a spongy network of filled channels and capillary containing villi

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The placenta consists of both

Maternal and embryonic tissue

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Do the blood of the mother and the offspring mix?

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What is the function of the placenta

Organ of nutrition respiration excretion for developing offspring

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What carries blood back and forth from the embryo/fetus to the placenta

Umbilical cord

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Blood bypasses what because they are nonfunctional

Fetal lungs

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Once the lungs are functional the adaptations must close. The foramen ovale must close or it will result in

Congenital heart defects

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Umbilical vein from placenta carries what kind of blood to the fetus

Oxygen rich blood

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What shunts blood to inferior vena cava (high O2), bypassing the liver

Ductus venosus

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Foramen ovale in atrial septum bypasses what

Right ventricle and pulmonary circuit

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What does the ductus arteriosus connect

Connects pulmonary artery to descending aorta

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Two umbilical arteries return blood to

Placenta for oxygenation

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Two umbilical arteries return blood to

Placenta for oxygenation

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Circulatory adaptations in order to bypass the nonfunctional lungs close after?

Birth of the baby
*failure to close results in congenital defects

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What are the 5 placenta hormones

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Progesterone
Estrogen
Relaxin
Human placental lactogen (hPL)

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hCG is produced by the blastocyst; it is

Diagnostic of pregnancy

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What does progesterone do

Maintains pregnancy and helps prepare breasts for milk secretion *inhibits myometrial contractions

What hormone promotes enlargement of the uterus and breasts

Estrogen

The hormone relaxin does what

Softens the cervix and relaxes the sacral joints and the pubic symphysis to widen birth canal for delivery

What hormone stimulates breasts to grow for lactation and regulates the levels of nutrients in the mothers blood to keep them available for the fetus

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

From fertilization to 8 weeks

Embryo

From 9th week to birth

Fetus

Entire gestation period is divided into how many trimesters

What is the time period of the first trimester

Week 1 to end of week 12

When is the first heartbeat?

Week 4

What form by end of first month

Limb buds

Human appearance at end of what month

Second month

During the first trimester the developing embryo is highly sensitive to

Harmful substances and poor maternal nutrition

Primitive nervous system is evident in week

What is the time frame of the second trimester

Weeks 13-27

The most rapid growth occurs when

Months 4-6

Fetal skin is protected by

Vernix caseosa

What can you determine in second trimester

Sex

During the second trimester the amniotic sac fills with amniotic fluid this surrounds the fetus for

Protection *breaks before birth aka water breaking

Third trimester time frame is

Weeks 28 until birth

The mother undergoes physical and metabolic changes in order to

Accommodate the growing fetus Induced by hormone production

What are the 4 physical/metabolic changes the mother undergoes to accommodate the fetus

-Heart pumps more blood to supply needs of the uterus and fetus - lungs provide more oxygen by increasing the rate and depth of respiration -kidneys excrete nitrogenous wastes from both the fetus and the mother -digestive system supplies additional nutrients to maternal organs

An ultrasound is used to

Diagnose pregnancy Judge fetal age Determine location of placenta Show excess amniotic fluid and fetal abnormalities

What stimulates contractions

Stretching of uterine muscles

Pressure on cervix stimulates release of

Oxytocin *which stimulates uterine contractions

Childbirth is what kind of feedback loop

Positive feedback (intensifies a response)

Parturition is aka

Labor

How many stages of labor

What is stage 1 of labor characterized by

Onset of uterine contractions until dilation of cervix is complete

Stage 2 of labor begins when the cervix is

Fully dilated and ends with the birth of the baby

Stage 3 of labor begins and ends when

After the child is born and ends with the expulsion of the placenta

Stage 4 of labor begins after expulsion of the placenta and constitutes a

Period

Fraternal twins is fertilization of

2 different eggs by two different sperm cells * 2 placentas (just like regular siblings)

Identical twins is

A single zygote Usually single placenta Always same sex with same traits

A term infant is between how many weeks

37 and 42 weeks

Preterm infant refers to

Arrival before 37 weeks or less that 5.5lbs

Abortion can be spontaneous (miscarriage) or induced and it is the loss of the embryo before week

20 or 1.1lbs

After week 20 the fetus is deemed viable meaning

It can live outside of the uterus *if born before week 24 there is a 50% chance of survival

Fetal death is characterized by loss of fetus after

Week 20

Stillbirth means

Infant born lifeless

Lactation is not functional until

The end of pregnancy

What is pregnancy induced hypertension known as

Preeclampsia *hypertension, protein in urine, general edema, sudden weight gain

Eclampsia may occur if

Pregnancy induced hypertension is untreated

Eclampsia may occur if

Pregnancy induced hypertension is untreated

Eclampsia leads to

Convulsions; lead to kidney failure and coma. Could result in death of mother and baby

Placenta previa is growth of placenta at or near the cervical opening. What can it interfere with

Can interfere with fetal oxygen supply

Abruptio placentae is what

Placenta separates from uterine wall prematurely around 20 weeks. *most common with women who have had multiple pregnancies or are older than 35, may require terminating pregnancy to save mother