Blood Vessels W1 Flashcards
What is the vascular system
A closed system of vessels that transports blood to and from the lungs and body tissues
What are the 5 types of blood vessels
Venules
Veins
Arteries
Arteriole
Capillaries
Vascular system is subdivided into 2 circuits which are
Pulmonary
Systemic
Which circuit carries blood to the lungs
Pulmonary
Which circuit supplies the rest of the body
Systemic
Carry blood away from the heart and toward the capillaries in the tissues
Arteries
What are the smallest arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries allow for exchanges between
The blood and body cells
OR between the blood and airsacs in the lung tissue
Capillaries connect what 2 things
Arterioles and venules
What is the smallest vein
Venules
Venules received blood from what?
It returns it where?
Receives blood from the capillaries of the tissue area and returns it to the heart
Veins carry blood
Towards the heart
The pulmonary circuit does what 2 things
Eliminates carbon discuss from the blood
Replenishes its supply of oxygen
The pulmonary circuit includes (3)
Pulmonary arteries
Capillaries in lungs
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary arteries trunks and its branches move towards the lungs carrying
Blood low in oxygen
Pulmonary circuit: Capillaries in lungs is where gases, nutrients and waste are exchanged. Blood becomes?
Oxygenated
Pulmonary veins contain blood that is
High in oxygen
back to the heart
What does the systemic circuit include (4)
Aorta
Systemic arteries
Systemic capillaries
Systemic veins
The aorta receives freshly
Oxygenated blood
Systemic arteries carry
Oxygenated blood to the tissues
An exchange of materials happens in systemic capillaries; what happens to the blood
Loss of oxygen
Systemic veins go back to the heart and carry blood that is
Low in oxygen
Arteries and veins have 3 layers of”tunics” which are?
Inner *simple squamous epithelial cells; endothelium
Middle *thickest; smooth muscle
Outer * supporting CT
Veins have ?
Valves
Arterioles have thinner walls that are less elastic but have more smooth muscle; what does it regulate?
Amount of blood entering various tissues at one time
What happens to Arterioles when muscle contracts and relaxes ?
Contracts: Arterioles constrict
Relax: Arterioles dilate
Capillaries have the thinnest walls of any vessels meaning they are only
One cell layer
Why are capillaries so thin?
Thinness allows for exchanges between the blood and the body cells and between the alveoli in the lungs and blood
What is the largest artery that receives blood from left ventricle and branches to all organs
The aorta
What are the 4 parts of the aorta
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
Ascending aorta supplies the heart muscle through
Left and right coronary arteries
Aortic arch has 3 large branches which are?
Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Aortic arch: brachiocephalic artery
The right subclavian artery supplies the
Right upper extremity
Aortic arch: brachiocephalic artery.
The right common artery supplies the
Right side of the head and neck
Aortic arch: left common carotid artery supplies the
Left side of the head and neck
Aortic arch: left subclavian artery extends under the collar bone and supplies the
Left upper extremity
Thoracic aorta supplies the
Branches to chest wall, esophagus and bronchi
Thoracic aorta includes 9-10 pairs of intercostal arteries that extend
Between the ribs reaching muscles of chest walls
Unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta extend
Anteriorly
Paired branches of the abdominal aorta extend
Laterally
Unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta supply the abdominal viscera (internal organs) which include?
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
Celiac trunk includes what 3 arteries?
Left gastric artery (stomach)
Splenic artery (spleen)
Hepatic artery (liver)
Hepatic artery (liver) carries what kind of blood to the liver
Oxygenated blood
Superior and inferior mesenteric carries blood to
Small and large intestine
Abdominal aorta has 4 paired lateral branches which are
Inferior phrenic (diaphragm)
Renal (kidneys)
Gonadal (ovaries/testes)
Lumbar (muscles of abdomen)
Abdominal aorta has 2 common iliac arteries which are?
The internal iliac artery
External iliac artery
The internal iliac artery branches to
Pelvic organs
(Urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs excluding gonads)
External iliac artery continues into the thigh which is the
Femoral artery
Femoral artery continues to the knee which is what artery
Popliteal artery
The popliteal artery (knee) goes to
Anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery (legs and feet)
Anterior tibial artery continues into
Dorsalis pedis (foot)
Posterior tibial artery continues into
Fibular artery (leg)
Each common carotid artery supplies the head and neck; it branches to? (2)
External carotid artery (thyroid gland, face, neck, scalp)
Internal carotid artery (eye, part of brain)
The subclavian artery supplies the arm and hand and branches to? (2)
Vertebral artery (posterior of brain)
Axillary artery (armpit and upper limb)
What is the longest part of the Axillary artery and subdivides into radial artery and ulnar artery
Brachial artery
What is anastomoses
Communication/connection btwn 2 vessels
-allows vital organs to receive blood by more than one route
What are some examples of anastomoses (4)
Cerebral arterial circle
Superficial palmar arch
Mesenteric arches
Arterial arches
Superficial veins are found ?
Near the surface
Located in the extremities
Examples of superficial veins
Cephalic, basilic, median cubital veins (at elbow)
Saphenous veins
These veins of the lower extremities are the longest veins in the body
Saphenous veins
Deep veins tend to
Parallel arteries and usually have the same name as the corresponding arteries
Superior vena cava unites what?
What veins drain into it?
United right and left brachiocephalic veins
Veins of the head neck arms and chest drain into it
What drains veins of chest wall and empties into superior vena cava
Azigos veins
What does the inferior vena cava do
Returns blood from areas below diaphragm beginning in the lower abdomen and includes lower extremities
Inferior vena cava has 2 groups of veins which are
Paired veins from structures and organs
Unpaired veins from the spleen and digestive tract
Paired veins of the inferior vena cava drain directly into?
Inferior vena cava
Unpaired veins of the inferior vena cava empty into?
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic portal vein enables bone to circulate through what before returning where
Through the liver before returning to the heart
What are sinusoids (blood enters these)
Leaky sinus like capillaries allowing free exchange of proteins nutrients and dissolved substances between liver and blood
Coronary sinus receives most blood from
Heart wall
What drain from the cranial venous sinuses
Cerebrospinal fluid (CNS) and veins from brain
What is the only anatomic location in which an artery travels completely through a venous structure
Internal carotid artery
Cavernous sinus may be involved with the spread of dental or odontogenic infection which can lead to fatal results known as
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Substances move between cells and capillary blood by (3)
Diffusion
Blood pressure
Osmotic pressure
Vasodilation refers to
Increased diameter of vessels
Vasoconstriction refers to
Decreased diameter of vessels
What does the precapillary sphincter regulate
Blood flow into capillaries
What are the 3 mechanisms that promote bloods return to the heart
Contraction of skeletal muscles
Valves in veins
Breathing
The pulse is a wave of
Increased pressure initiated by the ventricular contraction of the heart
The pulse is influenced by various factors including
Body size
Gender
Age
Muscular activity
Emotional stimulation
Body temp
Thyroid secretion
What is blood pressure
Force exerted by blood against vessel walls and force of propelling blood to the tissues and back to heart
4 influences on blood pressure include
Total blood volume
Cardiac output
Resistance to blood flow
Blood vessel compliance and elasticity
What are baroreceptors
Sensors for Bp in large arteries; are stretch receptors
Where is blood pressure measured
In brachial artery (arm)
What is normal blood pressure
120/80 mmHg
Hypotension
Lower than normal blood pressure
Hypertension
High blood pressure
What is arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
What is the most common form of arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis (plaque forms and damages arterial lining)
What is an aneurysm
Bulging sac in blood vessel wall
-can burst causing death
-common sites = aorta and vessels in brain
Shock refers to
Inadequate blood flow to tissues which can be life threatening
Most common cause of shock
Cardiogenic
“pump failure”
2nd most common cause of shock death
Septic (bacterial infection)
What is thrombosis
Formation of blood clot in a vessel
Deep venous thrombosis refers to
Blood clot in a vein
(Commonly calf muscles)
Embolus refers to
A circulating or “floating” blood clot
What is pulmonary embolism
Embolus in lungs
What is phlebitis
Inflammation of vein
What is hemorrhage
Profuse escape of blood from the vessels
-serious life threading vascular lesion
Varicose veins affects superficial veins they appear
Swollen
Distorted
-are ineffective
-commonly seen in lower extremities (Saphenous) and rectal veins (hemorrhoids)
