week 3- gross anatomy of the thorax Flashcards
where is the superior thoracic appeture located
opening for oesophagus and trachea. exit and entry of major vessels, nerves, apex of lungs. (top of top rib hole) continuous with the deep neck and upper limb.
where is the inferior thoracic appeture located
hole at the bottom of the ribs. largely filled\covered by diaphragm. exit point for vena cava, oesophagus and aorta
what is the costal margin
bottom of the bottom rib line.
what is the shape of a diaphragm
parachute, located middle to bottom of rib cage.
name functions of the thorax
-breathing: (contains lungs providing machinery which is necesarry- diaphragm, thoracic wall and ribs)
-protection of vital organs
-conduit: (Osophegus, nerves, trachea, major blood vessels)
what makes up the thoracic cage/wall
posteriorly, 12 thoracic vertabrae
anteriorly- sternum
laterally- ribs and intercostal muscles
why does the sternum have articular facets
allows the ribs to connect 3-5
how many ribs are there
12
name the different types of ribs and say how many there are of each
TRUE RIBS- 1-7
FALSE RIBS- 8-10
FLOATING RIBS- 11-12
what is a rib connected to
the spine and the sternum
list all the muscles of the thoracic wall
external intercostal, internal intercostal, interrmost intercostal, subcostal, transverse thoracics
explain the ‘pump handle’ action of the ribs
ribs move forwards and upward. this increases the atero-posterior diameter of the chest
explain the ‘bucket handle’ action of the ribs
upward and lateral movement increasing the transverse diameter of the chest.
name the 2 thoracic cage components
mediastinum
pleural cavities
what is the outer layer of the heart called
pericardium
name the valves on the right side of the heart
RAV, tricuspid
pulmonary valve
name the valves on the left side of the heart
LAV mitral/bicuspid
aortic valve
name the outer layer of the lungs
parietal pleura
name the inner layer of the lungs
visceral pleura
where do intercostal veins drain to
azygos veins
name the joints of the thoracic
manubriosternal joints
xiphisternal joints
what is the costochondral joint
primary cartilaginous joint joining rib to cartilage
which primary cartilaginous joint joining rib to cartilage
costochondral joint
what is the sternocostal joint
1st costal cartilage is a primary cartilaginous joint
what type of joint is a costochondral joint
synovial joint
where do costovertabral joints join
rib head to concave (join) the demi facet on adjacent vertebral bodies (vertebra next to ribs)
what type of joint is a costotranserse joint
synovial joint
where does a costotransverse joint bind
upper 10 ribs and transverse processes of thoracic vertebra
where do interchondral joints occur
between costal cartilages of adjacent ribs
What shape is the diaphragm when relaxed
Some shape
What shape is the diaphragm contracted
Flattens
Which region of the thorax is the heart and it’s periosteum and vessels found
Mediastinum
Where are the biggest blood vessels found in the body
Arttatched to the heart
What is the aorta and where is the aorta
The biggest vessel leaving the LV of the heart
What is the pulmonary trunk and where is it found
It’s an artery carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What does the pulmonary trunk split into
Left and right pulmonary arteries
What do pulmonary arteries do
Take blood to the lungs
What do pulmonary veins do
Carry highly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart into the LA
Is LA posterior or inferior to other structures in the heart
Posterior - back
Where is the inferior vena cava located
Runs up, the liver surrounds it, it passes up through the diaphragm superiorly , because the heart is sat on the diaphragm, inferior vena cava goes straight into the RA
What is the superior vena cava formed by
2 blood vessels
BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS
brachium- upper limbs
Cephalic- head
Head and neck and upper limbs to bens cava.
What do the brachiocephalic veins go through to form the vena cava
Superior thoracic aperture
Where do the aorta curve from
Right to left
From the middle of the thoracic cavity to the posterial wall. It then runs down posteriorly
Which way does the aorta run
Right to left, runs posteriorly to the posterior wall
How many branches does the aorta have
3
What is the first aortic branch called, medially to the heart
BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK
Where does the brachiocephalic trunk run
From arch of the aorta, over to the right, giving off the common carotid artery which is running up the neck
What does the common carotid artery do
Supply blood to the brain, face, neck
What does the brachiocephalic artery branch into
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Why does the left lung have less space
As the heart is puushing into the left
How many lobes are in the right lung
3
Upper
Middle
Lower
How many lobes does the left lung have
2
Upper
Lower
What is the oblique fissure
Separates upper and lower lobe of the right lung
What separates the upper lobe from middle lobe in left lung
Hotizontal fissure
What separates the upper lobe from lower lobe in left lung
Oblique fissure
Name the top ridge of the sternum
Jugular notch
What is the head of the sternum called
Manibrium of the sternum - bone
STERNOCLEODO MASTOID- muscle
What is the bottom nib of the sternum
XIPHOID PROCESS
Why does the sternum have articular facets
Allows the ribs to join 1-7
What is the moon called between manirbium and body of the sternum
Stern so angle
name the cartilage that joins the sternum to the ribs
costal cartilage
name the cartilage joint that joins rib cartilages of adjacent ribs (lower ribs which aren’t attached to the sternum)
interchondral joints
Name the 2 major muscles of the chest
Pectorals minor- underneath and smaller
Pectorals major- on top and larger
Define synergist
2 muscles performing the same action
Define antagonist
2 muscles opposing each other
Give the functions of the pectoralis major
Flexes the arm at the shoulder joint
Adducts the arm at the shoulder joint
Internal rotation of the arm
Give antagonists to the pectorals major
Teres major or lattisimus dorsi- extend the whole arm at the shoulder
What do external intercostals do
Help elevate ribs, pulling them up for inhilation
What do internal intercostals do
Depress the ribs and pull them down for exhalation
How would you palpate the 2nd rib anteriorly
Palpate from jugular notch to find sterna, angle between sternum body and manubrium. Costal cartilage of 2nd rib articulates here
