lesson 2- joints and bones

Question 1

Define joint

Answer 1

junction between 2 ore more bones or cartilage

Question 2

name the 2 classifications of joints

Answer 2

functional (how it moves) and structural (how its made)

Question 3

give an example of an immovable joint

Answer 3

cranial

Question 4

give an example of an slightly moveable joint

Answer 4

syndesmosis

Question 5

give an example of a freely moveable joint

Answer 5

synovial

Question 6

give properties of fibrous joints

Answer 6

-bones forming these joints united by fibrous ct
-immoable/ slight degree of movement
-lacks joint cavity

Three types
-Sutures - e.g., cranial sutures
-Syndesmosis - e.g., interosseous radio-ulnar joints Gomphosis - e.g., tooth in alveolar socket

Question 7

give properties of cartilaginous joints

Answer 7

United by means of either hyaline or fibrocartilage
Lacks joint cavity
Two types
Primary Secondary

Question 8

give properties of primary cartilaginous joints (Synchondroses)

Answer 8

Bones are united by a plate of hyaline cartilage
Temporary - when growth ceases- replaced by bone (synostosis)
E.g., Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing long bone

Question 9

give properties of secondary cartilaginous joints (Symphyses)

Answer 9

articular surfaces are covered by HYALINE cartilage and united by a disc of fibrocartilage
Permanent
Mostly in midline
E.g., symphysis pubis, intervertebral joints

Question 10

give properties of synovial joints

Answer 10

-Articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage
- surrounded by Articular cartilage
-Highly mobile Has joint cavity

Question 11

what is the articular capsule

Answer 11

what the Entire joint is surrounded by

Question 12

are articular cartilages surrounded by synovial membrane

Answer 12

no

Question 13

where is the joint cavity located

Answer 13

in between articular cartilage and synovial membrane

Question 14

what is the Joint cavity filled with

Answer 14

synovial fluid (lubrication and nutrition)

Question 15

list all the shapes of synovial joints

Answer 15

Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Ellipsoidal
Saddle
Ball & socket

Question 16

describe plane joints

Answer 16

articular surfaces are flat, permits gliding movements
E.g., Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints (knuckles)

Question 17

describe hinge joints

Answer 17

articular surfaces are pulley shaped, movement in one plane
-Uniaxial (1 axis of motion)
E.g., elbow joint

Question 18

describe pivot joints

Answer 18

articular surface of one bone is rounded and fits in the concavity of another bone, permits rotational movements
4.E.g., superior radio-ulnar joints

Question 19

describe condyloid joints

Answer 19

articular surfaces have distinct condyles (modified) it allows movement in 2 planes
E.g., knee joint, wrist

Question 20

describe ellipsoidal joints

Answer 20

elliptical convex surface of one bone articulates with elliptical concave surface of another bone, biaxial movementsE.g., wrist joint

Question 21

describe Saddle/ sellar joints joints

Answer 21

reciprocally concavoconvex, movements similar to ellipsoid, in addition some rotation around a third axis
E.g., 1st carpo-metacarpal joint

Question 22

describe Ball & socket joints

Answer 22

head fitting into a cup shaped socket, movements around an indefinite number of axes
E.g., shoulder joint, hip joint

Question 24

name the 3 planes of movements of synovial joints

Answer 24

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

Question 25

name the 3 numbers of bones of synovial joints

Answer 25

Simple Compound Complex

Question 26

describe uniaxial joints

Answer 26

around one plane or axis
E.g., Hinge joint

Question 27

describe biaxial joints

Answer 27

around two planes or axes
E.g., Condylar joint

Question 28

describe multiaxial joints

Answer 28

three planes/axes
E.g., ball and socket joint

Question 29

according to the number of articulating bones, describe simple joints

Answer 29

Two bones take part
E.g., interphalangeal joints

Question 30

according to the number of articulating bones, describe compound joints

Answer 30

More than two bones
E.g., elbow and wrist joint

Question 31

according to the number of articulating bones, describe complex joints

Answer 31

When joint cavity is divided by intra-articular disc E.g., temporomandibular and knee joint

Question 32

name the movements possible at synovial joints

Answer 32

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Rotation, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression

Question 33

name the Blood supply to synovial joints

Answer 33

Peri articular network of arteries
Articular cartilages are avascular
Fibrous capsule and ligaments have poor blood supply Synovial membrane has rich blood supply

Question 34

Describe the Nerve supply to joints

Answer 34

Rich nerve supply
Ligaments and synovial membrane has pain sensitive -free nerve endings Articular cartilage- non nervous

Question 35

Describe Hilton’s law

Answer 35

HILTON’S LAW
Nerves supplying the joint also supply the muscles regulating the movements of the joint and the skin over the joint