lesson 2- joints and bones Flashcards
Define joint
junction between 2 ore more bones or cartilage
name the 2 classifications of joints
functional (how it moves) and structural (how its made)
give an example of an immovable joint
cranial
give an example of an slightly moveable joint
syndesmosis
give an example of a freely moveable joint
synovial
give properties of fibrous joints
-bones forming these joints united by fibrous ct
-immoable/ slight degree of movement
-lacks joint cavity
Three types
-Sutures - e.g., cranial sutures
-Syndesmosis - e.g., interosseous radio-ulnar joints Gomphosis - e.g., tooth in alveolar socket
give properties of cartilaginous joints
United by means of either hyaline or fibrocartilage
Lacks joint cavity
Two types
Primary Secondary
give properties of primary cartilaginous joints (Synchondroses)
Bones are united by a plate of hyaline cartilage
Temporary - when growth ceases- replaced by bone (synostosis)
E.g., Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing long bone
give properties of secondary cartilaginous joints (Symphyses)
articular surfaces are covered by HYALINE cartilage and united by a disc of fibrocartilage
Permanent
Mostly in midline
E.g., symphysis pubis, intervertebral joints
give properties of synovial joints
-Articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage
- surrounded by Articular cartilage
-Highly mobile Has joint cavity
what is the articular capsule
what the Entire joint is surrounded by
are articular cartilages surrounded by synovial membrane
no
where is the joint cavity located
in between articular cartilage and synovial membrane
what is the Joint cavity filled with
synovial fluid (lubrication and nutrition)
list all the shapes of synovial joints
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Ellipsoidal
Saddle
Ball & socket
describe plane joints
articular surfaces are flat, permits gliding movements
E.g., Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints (knuckles)
describe hinge joints
articular surfaces are pulley shaped, movement in one plane
-Uniaxial (1 axis of motion)
E.g., elbow joint
describe pivot joints
articular surface of one bone is rounded and fits in the concavity of another bone, permits rotational movements
4.E.g., superior radio-ulnar joints
describe condyloid joints
articular surfaces have distinct condyles (modified) it allows movement in 2 planes
E.g., knee joint, wrist
describe ellipsoidal joints
elliptical convex surface of one bone articulates with elliptical concave surface of another bone, biaxial movementsE.g., wrist joint
describe Saddle/ sellar joints joints
reciprocally concavoconvex, movements similar to ellipsoid, in addition some rotation around a third axis
E.g., 1st carpo-metacarpal joint
describe Ball & socket joints
head fitting into a cup shaped socket, movements around an indefinite number of axes
E.g., shoulder joint, hip joint
name the 3 planes of movements of synovial joints
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
name the 3 numbers of bones of synovial joints
Simple Compound Complex
describe uniaxial joints
around one plane or axis
E.g., Hinge joint
describe biaxial joints
around two planes or axes
E.g., Condylar joint
describe multiaxial joints
three planes/axes
E.g., ball and socket joint
according to the number of articulating bones, describe simple joints
Two bones take part
E.g., interphalangeal joints
according to the number of articulating bones, describe compound joints
More than two bones
E.g., elbow and wrist joint
according to the number of articulating bones, describe complex joints
When joint cavity is divided by intra-articular disc E.g., temporomandibular and knee joint
name the movements possible at synovial joints
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
Rotation, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression
name the Blood supply to synovial joints
Peri articular network of arteries
Articular cartilages are avascular
Fibrous capsule and ligaments have poor blood supply Synovial membrane has rich blood supply
Describe the Nerve supply to joints
Rich nerve supply
Ligaments and synovial membrane has pain sensitive -free nerve endings Articular cartilage- non nervous
Describe Hilton’s law
HILTON’S LAW
Nerves supplying the joint also supply the muscles regulating the movements of the joint and the skin over the joint
