Week 2 - Thursday - Lecture 4 Flashcards
What is overt rehearsal?
Where subjects are asked to rehearse out loud.
Items at the beginning of the list are remembered.
What is incidental learning?
Subjects unaware of impending memory test (no rehearsal)
What were the results of the incidental test by Marshall & Werder?
The primacy effect was diminished - they couldn’t remember the first few items on the list.
What happens to the primacy and recency effect on a speeded list test?
Primacy effect is reduced, recency unaffected.
Does rehearsal help with amnesia?
No.
What happens to the primacy effect with people who have amnesia?
It’s reduced or eliminated.
How do we know the primacy effect is a LTM phenomenon?
If we interfere with rehearsal, it’ll impinge on the primacy effect. Like amnesia or speeded word lists.
What happens to the recency effect if there’s delayed recall?
There will be no recency effect.
What were the results of a final free recall test?
Everything that is remembered is recalled from LTM. There’s a “negative recency” effect.
What did Craik & Watkins conclude about the negative recency effect?
The last few items of a list usually receive the least amount of rehearsal (because they are recalled immediately after presentation).
How would you change the experimental design such that the last few words received the most amount of rehearsal?
Have them repeat the last few words over and over again.
What are the different depths of processing?
Shallow (surface features)
Intermediate (phonemic processing)
Deep (semantic processing)
What was the subsequent view of how the primacy effect worked?
Memory is a byproduct of the cognitive operations engaged during learning (levels of processing)
What can researchers use to minimize chunking?
Use unattended lists.
Cowan concluded that the amount of items you can remember in STM is__________
4
What were the methods in Robbins and Baddeley’s chess position experiment?
Both groups had to remember chess piece positions. One had to repeat a word out loud, while the other pushed keys on a calculator.
What were the results of the chess positions experiments?
Those that had their visuospatial sketchpad suppressed didn’t do well.
What injury did PV suffer from?
Left-hemisphere stroke in 1977.
What did PV Struggle with?
Could not remember many digits on a digit span test.
How well did PV do in the Auditory Paired-Associate Word Learning task?
Very well, about as good as the control.
How well did PV do in the Auditory Paired-Associate NONword Learning task? Why?
She did poorly, because she can’t repeat the non-words over and over again.
Why might we have a phonological loop?
To learn languages.
What happened when PV tried to remember words she read? Why?
She struggled, but didn’t do as poorly as on the other tests. Because she could only use her visuospatial sketchpad, which isn’t optimized for speech.
Which task was used to test the capacity of visual working memory?
Luck and Vogel, test with colored squares.
What did Luck and Vogel find on their colored squares test?
People can store 3-4 items in their visual STM.
How many items can we store in WM?
3-4 Items.
What’s the idea behind the TCC Model?
We encode items into memory with varying degrees of strength.
What’s Baddeley’s other way of thinking about the phonological loop?
There aren’t 3 or 4 slots. It’s the number of items you can say in 2 seconds.
