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Human Conditions I OTD7160 > Week 2 Terms: Pulmonary Disorders, Inflammation, Immunity > Flashcards

Week 2 Terms: Pulmonary Disorders, Inflammation, Immunity Flashcards

Pulmonary Disorders, Inflammation, and Immunity

1
Q

Dyspnea is…

A. Subjective symptom of breathlessness
B. Subjective sign of breathlessness
C. Subjective symptom of sleepiness
D. Subjective sign of sleepiness

A

A. Subjective symptom of breathlessness

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2
Q
  • *Percutaneous Coronary Intervention**
  • *(PCI)**
A

a procedure in which a catheter is placed in a coronary artery and one of several methods is employed to reduce blockage within the artery

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3
Q

Pursed Lip Breathing

A

A technique used to slow breathing rate by prolonged exhalation in order to manage shortness of breath

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4
Q

Emphysema

A

Destruction of alveolar walls; large permanently inflated alveolar air spaces

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5
Q
  • *Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease**
  • *(COPD)**
A

Characterized by airflow obstruction impacting gas exchange causing dyspnea, and limited reserve lung capacity with greater risk of hypoxemia

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6
Q

6 Signs and symptoms of Emphysema

A

Dyspnea
Hyperventilation
Hyperinflation
Fatigue
Weight Loss
Clubbed Fingers

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7
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

Changes in the bronchi resulting from constant irritation

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8
Q

4 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis

A

Constant Productive Cough
Shortness of Breath
Hypoxia
Cyanosis

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9
Q

What are the primary, active and secondary infections of tuberculosis?

A

Primary Infection- latent, bacteria is dormant in the lungs, asymptomatic
Active Infection- tubercles grow and spread
Secondary Infection- active infection years after primary infection

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10
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Bloody Sputum

(Sputum- mix of saliva and mucus)

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11
Q

Hypoxemia can cause…

A

Confusion due to low levels of oxygen in the blood

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12
Q

Bluish discoloration of the skin is…

A

Cyanosis

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13
Q

Bronchodilator

A

A medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs

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14
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid Breathing

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15
Q

Stridor

A

Strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx

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16
Q

Pulmonary Function Tests

A

Assessment of gas exchange typically via a spirometer; volume measurements indicate lung elasticity and respiratory muscle strength.

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17
Q

The measure of the percentage of oxygen in the blood is…

A

Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)

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18
Q
  • *What are the characteristics of**
  • *Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)?**
A

Scarring of pulmonary interstitium, includes walls of alveoli and microscopic spaces around blood vessels

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19
Q

What is a technique used to manage shortness of breath?

A

Pursed Lip Breathing

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20
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

A

Abnormally thick secretions which affect the lungs and pancreas; marked by frequent bacterial infections that destroy lung tissue

Blocked ducts in digestive tract that transport pancreatic enzymes (pancreatic tissue can be damaged, malabsorption of nutrients)

Common genetic disorder typically of people with European ancestry

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21
Q

Inflammation

A

Normal defense mechanism intended to localize and remove harmful agent

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22
Q

Hypoxemia is…

A. Abnormally high levels of oxygen in the blood;
Typically above 90%
B. Abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the
blood: Typically below 90%
C. Abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the
blood: Typically above 90%
D. Abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood:
Typically below 90%

A

D. Abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood: Typically below 90%

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23
Q

Somnolence

A

drowsiness, sleepiness

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24
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis infecting the lungs

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25
Q

4 Signs and Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

A

Salty Skin
Failure to gain weight
Chronic Cough
Frequent Lung Infections

26
Q

Gas Exchange

A

The process of obtaining oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide

27
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural space

28
Q

Asthma

A

Periods of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction

Pathophysiology- Inflammation, contraction of smooth muscle, increased secretion

29
Q

Interstitium

A

Network of supportive tissue that extends throughout the lungs

30
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis (TB)

A
  • Primary Infection* is asymptomatic
  • Active Infection*- anorexia, fatigue, malaise, weight loss, low-grade fever, sputum often contains blood
  • Secondary Infection*- active infection years after primary infection
31
Q

Local Signs and Symptoms of Acute Inflammation

A

Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain

32
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign Substance or Microbes stimulate immune response

33
Q

What are the symptoms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

A

Rapid breathing
Labored breathing
Wheezing
Difficulty feeding
Repeated lung infections
The need for O2 therapy after 36 weeks

34
Q

What population does bronchopulmonary dysplasia typically affect?

A

Newborns who are born prematurely (before 32 weeks) who need oxygen therapy

One of the last things that develop in gestation is the lungs

35
Q

Name Some Signs of Respiratory Distress

A

Using accessory muscles of respiration
Tachypnea
Gasping
Panting
Restlessness
Confusion (hypoxemia)
Somnolence
Hypercarbia (excess CO2)

36
Q

True/False

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is preventable.

A

True

37
Q

7 Signs and Symptoms of Asthma

A

Cough
Wheezing
Labored Breathing
Sticky Mucus
Hypoxia
Hyperventilation
Respiratory Distress/Failure

38
Q

Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)

A

Group of disorders that share similar clinical profiles

Scarring of pulmonary interstitium

Scarring causes progressive lung stiffness impacting ability to breath

39
Q

How is Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed: chest xrays, pulmonary function tests, medical history/exam

40
Q

How is Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) treated?

A

Treatment- avoid irritants, immunizations, pulmonary rehab, adaptive strategies, bronchodilators, oxygen

41
Q

What are diagnostic tests for Cystic Fibrosis (CF)?

A

Genetic testing
Sweat Test

42
Q

What are some treatments for Cystic Fibrosis (CB)?

A

Pancreatic enzymes
Chest PT/airway clearance techniques
Exercise
Treatment of infections
Heart/lung transplant

43
Q

The tube that enters a nose for pulmonary support is called…

A

Nasal Cannula

44
Q

What potential developmental problems can happen from bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

A

Difficulty feeding
Paused breathing (apnea)
Need for feeding tube
Vision or hearing difficulties
GERD
Learning disabilities

Causes most issues during infancy and early childhood

45
Q

How can you prevent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?

A

Prenatal care to reduce risk of prematurity
Corticosteroids in pregnancy to help the development of lungs in utero

46
Q

What are some ways to treat Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?

A

Diuretics
Bronchodilators
Steroid treatment

47
Q

What are some mechanical barriers to our immune system?

A

Skin
Mucous Membranes
Body Secretions
Hair

48
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Prepares the tissue for healing

49
Q

Acute Inflammation lasts….

A. In the Long Term
B. A Moderate Mount of Time
C. In the Short Term

A

C. In the Short Term

50
Q

Active Natural Immunity

A

Person achieves immunity by direct exposure

51
Q

Active Artificial Immunity

A

Person achieves immunity by controlled exposure (vaccine)

52
Q

Herd Immunity

A

High % of population has achieved immunity decreased spread of an infectious disease

53
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Sustained immune response without specific infection or injury

54
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A. Can be a symptom of an autoimmune disease
B. Can cause tissue damage
C. Can have unclear symptoms
D. Can contribute to cancer or Type 2 DM
E. All of the Above

A

E. All of the Above

55
Q

As an OT what can we recommend to decrease contributors to chronic inflammation?

A

Lifestyle changes

Ex.) Change Diet, Excessive alcohol or smoking, Obesity, Chronic stress, Irregular sleep patterns, Exposure to pollutants

56
Q

Autoimmune Disorders

A

Antibodies develop and attack the individuals’ own cells

57
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Allergies

A

Unusual immune responses to harmless substances
Stimulate an inflammatory response

58
Q

How do we treat hypersensitivity?

A

Testing and Prevention of exposure
Antihistamine Drugs
Epinephrine (EpiPen)

59
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Weak or absent immune response
May predispose people to infections by normally harmless microorganisms

opposite response to hypersensitivity

60
Q

Some Causes of Immunodeficiency are…

A

Viral Infection
Splenectomy
Malnutrition
Immunosuppressive drugs
Chemo

61
Q

Treatments of Immunodeficiencies

A

Prevent & manage infections
Hand & oral hygiene
Diet
Exercise
Sleep
Stress management
Support groups

62
Q

How do you diagnose an immunodeficiency?

A

Blood tests

Human Conditions I OTD7160 (14 decks)

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