Week 2 Terms: Pulmonary Disorders, Inflammation, Immunity Flashcards
Pulmonary Disorders, Inflammation, and Immunity
Dyspnea is…
A. Subjective symptom of breathlessness
B. Subjective sign of breathlessness
C. Subjective symptom of sleepiness
D. Subjective sign of sleepiness
A. Subjective symptom of breathlessness
- *Percutaneous Coronary Intervention**
- *(PCI)**
a procedure in which a catheter is placed in a coronary artery and one of several methods is employed to reduce blockage within the artery
Pursed Lip Breathing
A technique used to slow breathing rate by prolonged exhalation in order to manage shortness of breath
Emphysema
Destruction of alveolar walls; large permanently inflated alveolar air spaces
- *Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease**
- *(COPD)**
Characterized by airflow obstruction impacting gas exchange causing dyspnea, and limited reserve lung capacity with greater risk of hypoxemia
6 Signs and symptoms of Emphysema
Dyspnea
Hyperventilation
Hyperinflation
Fatigue
Weight Loss
Clubbed Fingers
Chronic Bronchitis
Changes in the bronchi resulting from constant irritation
4 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis
Constant Productive Cough
Shortness of Breath
Hypoxia
Cyanosis
What are the primary, active and secondary infections of tuberculosis?
Primary Infection- latent, bacteria is dormant in the lungs, asymptomatic
Active Infection- tubercles grow and spread
Secondary Infection- active infection years after primary infection
Hemoptysis
Bloody Sputum
(Sputum- mix of saliva and mucus)
Hypoxemia can cause…
Confusion due to low levels of oxygen in the blood
Bluish discoloration of the skin is…
Cyanosis
Bronchodilator
A medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs
Tachypnea
Rapid Breathing
Stridor
Strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx
Pulmonary Function Tests
Assessment of gas exchange typically via a spirometer; volume measurements indicate lung elasticity and respiratory muscle strength.
The measure of the percentage of oxygen in the blood is…
Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)
- *What are the characteristics of**
- *Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)?**
Scarring of pulmonary interstitium, includes walls of alveoli and microscopic spaces around blood vessels
What is a technique used to manage shortness of breath?
Pursed Lip Breathing
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Abnormally thick secretions which affect the lungs and pancreas; marked by frequent bacterial infections that destroy lung tissue
Blocked ducts in digestive tract that transport pancreatic enzymes (pancreatic tissue can be damaged, malabsorption of nutrients)
Common genetic disorder typically of people with European ancestry
Inflammation
Normal defense mechanism intended to localize and remove harmful agent
Hypoxemia is…
A. Abnormally high levels of oxygen in the blood;
Typically above 90%
B. Abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the
blood: Typically below 90%
C. Abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the
blood: Typically above 90%
D. Abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood:
Typically below 90%
D. Abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood: Typically below 90%
Somnolence
drowsiness, sleepiness
Tuberculosis (TB)
Infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis infecting the lungs
4 Signs and Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Salty Skin
Failure to gain weight
Chronic Cough
Frequent Lung Infections
Gas Exchange
The process of obtaining oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of air in the pleural space
Asthma
Periods of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction
Pathophysiology- Inflammation, contraction of smooth muscle, increased secretion
Interstitium
Network of supportive tissue that extends throughout the lungs
Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis (TB)
- Primary Infection* is asymptomatic
- Active Infection*- anorexia, fatigue, malaise, weight loss, low-grade fever, sputum often contains blood
- Secondary Infection*- active infection years after primary infection
Local Signs and Symptoms of Acute Inflammation
Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain
Antigens
Foreign Substance or Microbes stimulate immune response
What are the symptoms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
Rapid breathing
Labored breathing
Wheezing
Difficulty feeding
Repeated lung infections
The need for O2 therapy after 36 weeks
What population does bronchopulmonary dysplasia typically affect?
Newborns who are born prematurely (before 32 weeks) who need oxygen therapy
One of the last things that develop in gestation is the lungs
Name Some Signs of Respiratory Distress
Using accessory muscles of respiration
Tachypnea
Gasping
Panting
Restlessness
Confusion (hypoxemia)
Somnolence
Hypercarbia (excess CO2)
True/False
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is preventable.
True
7 Signs and Symptoms of Asthma
Cough
Wheezing
Labored Breathing
Sticky Mucus
Hypoxia
Hyperventilation
Respiratory Distress/Failure
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)
Group of disorders that share similar clinical profiles
Scarring of pulmonary interstitium
Scarring causes progressive lung stiffness impacting ability to breath
How is Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) diagnosed?
Diagnosed: chest xrays, pulmonary function tests, medical history/exam
How is Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) treated?
Treatment- avoid irritants, immunizations, pulmonary rehab, adaptive strategies, bronchodilators, oxygen
What are diagnostic tests for Cystic Fibrosis (CF)?
Genetic testing
Sweat Test
What are some treatments for Cystic Fibrosis (CB)?
Pancreatic enzymes
Chest PT/airway clearance techniques
Exercise
Treatment of infections
Heart/lung transplant
The tube that enters a nose for pulmonary support is called…
Nasal Cannula
What potential developmental problems can happen from bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
Difficulty feeding
Paused breathing (apnea)
Need for feeding tube
Vision or hearing difficulties
GERD
Learning disabilities
Causes most issues during infancy and early childhood
How can you prevent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?
Prenatal care to reduce risk of prematurity
Corticosteroids in pregnancy to help the development of lungs in utero
What are some ways to treat Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?
Diuretics
Bronchodilators
Steroid treatment
What are some mechanical barriers to our immune system?
Skin
Mucous Membranes
Body Secretions
Hair
Phagocytosis
Prepares the tissue for healing
Acute Inflammation lasts….
A. In the Long Term
B. A Moderate Mount of Time
C. In the Short Term
C. In the Short Term
Active Natural Immunity
Person achieves immunity by direct exposure
Active Artificial Immunity
Person achieves immunity by controlled exposure (vaccine)
Herd Immunity
High % of population has achieved immunity decreased spread of an infectious disease
Chronic Inflammation
Sustained immune response without specific infection or injury
Chronic Inflammation
A. Can be a symptom of an autoimmune disease
B. Can cause tissue damage
C. Can have unclear symptoms
D. Can contribute to cancer or Type 2 DM
E. All of the Above
E. All of the Above
As an OT what can we recommend to decrease contributors to chronic inflammation?
Lifestyle changes
Ex.) Change Diet, Excessive alcohol or smoking, Obesity, Chronic stress, Irregular sleep patterns, Exposure to pollutants
Autoimmune Disorders
Antibodies develop and attack the individuals’ own cells
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Allergies
Unusual immune responses to harmless substances
Stimulate an inflammatory response
How do we treat hypersensitivity?
Testing and Prevention of exposure
Antihistamine Drugs
Epinephrine (EpiPen)
Immunodeficiency
Weak or absent immune response
May predispose people to infections by normally harmless microorganisms
opposite response to hypersensitivity
Some Causes of Immunodeficiency are…
Viral Infection
Splenectomy
Malnutrition
Immunosuppressive drugs
Chemo
Treatments of Immunodeficiencies
Prevent & manage infections
Hand & oral hygiene
Diet
Exercise
Sleep
Stress management
Support groups
How do you diagnose an immunodeficiency?
Blood tests
