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Human Conditions I OTD7160 > Week 11 Terms: Mental Health; Stigma, Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia, and Anxiety > Flashcards

Week 11 Terms: Mental Health; Stigma, Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia, and Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

Stigma

A

A mark of disgrace associated with a particular quality or person

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2
Q

Dangers of Mental Health Stigma

A
  • Discrimination; obvious & direct/subtle and/or unintentional
  • Reluctance to seek hlep/treatment
  • Fewer opportunities for work, school, socialization and or housing
  • Violence or Harrassment
  • Limited Health Insurance Coverage
  • Diminished hope/belief in recovery
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3
Q

True/False
Mental Health problems are more prevalent than heart disease, lung disease, and cancer combined.

A

True

Mental health also receives less reasearch $$ and less public support

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4
Q

Half of all mental illness occurs before age…
A. 14
B. 20
C. 24
D. 30

A

A. 14
Half of all menal illness occurs before age 14.
3/4 begin before age 24

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5
Q

Causes of Mental Illness

A

There is no SINGLE cause for mental illness
A number of factors can contribute to risk:
* Early adverse life experiences, such as trauma or a history of abuse
* Experiences related to other chronic medical conditions, such as cancer or diabetes
* Biological factors or chemical imbalances in the brain
* Use of alcohol or drugs
* Having feelings of loneliness or isolation

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6
Q

Common Comorbidity in Mental Health

A

Substance Abuse
Developmental Disorders
Heart Disease
Cancer

Poor mental health increases the risk of chronic conditions & vice versa

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7
Q

Mood Disorder

A

Expriencing an extreme in the continuum of typical moods
Depression Mania
low/sad/unpleasant Elevated/elated/energized

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8
Q

Types of Mood Disorders

A

Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorders

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9
Q

True/False
Depressive disorders are also called unipolar.

A

True

Called unipolar as it is only one side of the affective spectrum

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10
Q

Types of Bipolar Disorders

A

Bipolar I
One or more manic or mixed episodes
Bipolar II
One or more depressive episodes and at lease one hypomanic episode
Cyclothymic disorder
At least 2 years of fluctuating hypomania & depressive symptoms

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11
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

One or more major depressive episode(s) lasting 2 weeks or more

At least 5 of the following symptoms consistently
* diminished interest/pleasure
* depressed mood
* significant weight loss or weight gain
* insomnia or hypersomnia
* psychomotor agitation or retardation
* fatigue or loss of energy
* feelings of worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt
* diminished ability to concentrate/indecisiveness
* recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent SI, a suicide plan or attempt

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12
Q

SIG-E-CAPS

Depression Mnemonic

A

Sleep Changes (insomnia, hypersomnia)
Interest loss ‘anhedonia’
Guilt or low self-esteem

Energy level (loss of energy, low energy, or fatigue)

Concentration (poor concentration, forgetfulness)
Appetite changes (loss of appetite or increased appetite
Psychomotor changes (agitation/slow physical & emotional reactions)
Suicidal ideations (active or passive thoughts?)

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13
Q

What does depression in older adults look like?

A
  • Fewer complaints of sadness
  • Cognitive and psychomotor slowing (or agitation)
  • Complain of poor concentration and memory
    out of proportion to actual daily life problems or results of cognitive testing
  • May have physical symptoms, hypochondriasis

More likely to complete suicide over age 65
13% of population, but 25% of suicides

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14
Q

Risk Factors for Suicide

A

Living alone
Males
Alcoholism
Comorbid physical illnesses

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15
Q

Medical Interventions for Depression

A

SSRI
SNRI
ECT Electro-Convulsive Therapy; induces a seizure with electricity
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; device used to provide a magnetic stim over a certain brain area

Meds are usually the first intervention combined with psychotherapy

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16
Q

Mania

A

Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week

PLUS 3 or more of the following
* Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
* Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep).
* More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.
* Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
* Distractibility
* Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
* Excessive involvement in high-risk activities
* Marked impairment in functioning, high-risk of self harm or psychotic features
* Episode is not attributable to substance use or other medical condition

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17
Q

What are the types of Bipolar Disorders?

A

Bipolar I Disorder: One or more manic or mixed episodes

Bipolar II Disorder: One or more depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode

Rapid Cycling refers to a rapid shift between the two.

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18
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymic Disorder)

A

Less Severe, Chronic Depression
At least 2 years vs/ episodically

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19
Q

Hypomanic Disorder

A

Elevated, Expansive or Irritable Mood
Less Intense and Without Impaired Functioning

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20
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

At least 2 years of fluctuating hypomania and depressive symptoms

21
Q

What are some OT Interventions for Mood Disorders

A
  • Cognitive-behavioral interventions
  • Sensory processing
  • Re-establishing routines
  • Education and/or employment
  • Peer support programs
  • Exercise & physical activity
  • Social participation
  • Sleep hygiene
  • Spiritual participation
22
Q

Psychosis

A

Psychotic-being out of touch with reality

23
Q

What are the main symptoms of psychosis?

A

Hallucinations
Delusions

24
Q

True/False
Psychosis is a symptom that means the client has schizophrenia.

A

False
An individual with schizophrenia may have psychosis as a symptom but psychosis does not mean someone has schizophrenia.

25
Q

Hallucination

A
  • False sensory experience
  • Any of the five senses
  • Auditory is most common
  • Visual second most common
26
Q

Delusion

A
  • False thought or belief
  • Paranoid – falsely thinking someone or something is out to get you
  • Grandiose- falsely believing you are very important (famous person or religious figure)
27
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Positive Symptoms (Not typical in other individuals)
* Delusions and/or hallucinations
* Disorganized speech
* Disorganized or catatonic behavior
* Marked decline in functioning
* At least 2 symptoms
* For at least 1 month

28
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Negative Symptoms (Absence of typical function)
* Flat affect
* Social withdrawal
* Difficulty initiating activity
* Greater impact on function
* Related to early onset, poor outcomes & cognitive impairment

29
Q

What are cognitive symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A
  • Core feature of disorder
  • Functional impact
  • Precede diagnosis
  • Persist after psychosis abates
  • Memory
  • Working memory
  • Self-awareness
  • Attention
  • Language
  • Executive function
30
Q

Etiology of Schizophrenia

A

We don’t know
BUT
Genetics: Several Genes, No biomarker
Prenatal: O2 Deprivation, Maternal Infections
Neuroanatomy: Enlarged Cerebral Ventricles, Decreased Cortical Gray Matter, Increased Dopamine
Stress: Environment, Minority Status, Urban

Could be the cause

31
Q

True/False
Schizophrenia has a slightly higher incidence in women than males.

A

False
Schizophrenia has a slightly higher incidence in men than women.

Women may be diagnosed later in life

32
Q

What are some side effects of Schizophrenia medicaction?

A
  • Sedation
  • Sun sensitivity
  • Dry mouth
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Movement disorders
  • Older ones: movement disorders
  • Weight gain and diabetes
33
Q

Types of intervention for those with Schizophrenia

A
  • Cognitive remediation or compensation
  • Sensory processing
  • Social skills training
  • Supportive housing
  • Peer support
  • ADL & IADL training
  • Supported education and/or employment
  • OT
34
Q

What are the common types of anxiety disorders?

A
  • Phobias
    • Agoraphobia
  • Social Anxiety
    • Most prevalent; least treated
  • Panic Disorder
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
35
Q

Anxiety

A

The anticipation of future threat

  • Muscle tension and vigilance in preparation for future danger
  • Cautious or avoidant behaviors
  • Significant distress and impairment in social and occupational function
36
Q

Etiology of Anxiety Disorder

A
  • Stress
  • Genetic Factors
  • Neuroanatomy; dysregulation hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
  • Neurochemical Factors; cortisol, GABA receptors, serotonin
  • Cognitive & Psychological factors
  • Environmental factors; traumatic events, parental temperament, smoking
37
Q

True/False
Anxiety disorders are more prevelant in females than in males.

A

True

More common in females due to socioeconomic disadvantage, gender-based violence, subordinate social status, caregiver responsibility
Women are also more likely to seek treatment

38
Q

What are some treatment options for anxiety disorders?

A

Medication (anxioytic)
Psychotherapy (Behavioral Cognitive-Behavioral)
OT (Relaxion Activities)

39
Q

List Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Hoarding
Trichotillomania

40
Q

Obsession

A
  • Recurrent and persistent thoughts
  • Urges or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted
41
Q

Compulsion

A
  • Repetitive behaviors or mental acts
  • Compelled to do in response to an obsession
    or according to rules that must be applied rigidly
42
Q

Common Symptoms of OCD

A
  • Cleaning
    -Contamination obsessions and cleaning compulsions
  • Symmetry
    -Symmetry obsessions - repeating, ordering
    -Counting compulsions
  • Forbidden or taboo thoughts
    -Aggressive, sexual, and religious obsessions and related compulsions
  • Harm
    -Fears of harm to oneself or others and related checking compulsions
43
Q

What are the functional impacts of OCD?

A
  • Avoid trigger situations
  • Task completion
  • Time management
  • Health management
  • Social consequences
    -Misunderstood
    -Inflexible with changes
    -Relationship issues
44
Q

Those with Body Dysmorphic Disorder have a preoccupation with..

A

with perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance
not observable or appear only slight to others

45
Q

Hoarding Disorder

A

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions

regardless of their actual value
strong perceived need to save the items
experience distress associated with discarding them

46
Q

Trichotillomania

A

Repetitive pullin of one’s own hair

47
Q

Excoriation Disorder

A

Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions

48
Q

What are some functional impacts of obsessive disorders

A

Social interactions
Relationship issues
Medical treatment
Surgeries
Financial
Time
Clutter impacts living space
-Safety risk
-Difficulty completing tasks
-Sanitary conditions
-Social relationships
-Loss of housing

Human Conditions I OTD7160 (14 decks)

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