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Human Conditions I OTD7160 > Week 10 Terms: Orthopedics; Spine and LEs, Cancer, and Lymphedema > Flashcards

Week 10 Terms: Orthopedics; Spine and LEs, Cancer, and Lymphedema Flashcards

1
Q

Treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

Anti-inflammatory treatment
Pain relief measures
Maintaining mobility
Strengthening/exercise
Promote muscle support of posture

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2
Q

True/False
Ankylosing Spondylitis can be an autoimmune disorder.

A

True

Can also be a chronic progressive inflammatory condition

Form of reumatoid arthritis

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3
Q

What parts of the spine are affected in ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Sacroiliac joints
Intervertebral spaces
Costovertebral joints

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4
Q

Often a tear in the capsule (or disk) in the spine will cause…?
A. protrusion of nucleus pulposus
B. sensory, motor, or autonomic disfunction
C. Kyphosis
D. Both A and/or B
E. Both A and/or C

A

D. Both A and B
Often a tear in the capsule (or disk) in the spine will cause protrusion of nucleus pulposus and/or sensory, motor, or autonomic disfunction.

Herniated Intervertebral Disk

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5
Q

How do you diagnose a herniated intervertebral disk?

A

Myelography w/contrast dye
CT
MRI

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6
Q

Treatments for Herniated Intervertebral Disk

A
  • Reduced weight-bearing
  • Rest as needed
  • Application of heat or ice
  • Traction
  • Medication
    muscle spasm and pain
  • PT/OT
  • Surgery in severe cases
    Laminectomy or discectomy
    Spinal fusion
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7
Q

What are some ways to protect your joints?

Joint Protection and Ergonomics

A
  • Back safety and injury prevention
    1. Avoid unnecessary bending & twisting
    2. Hold items close to body
    3. Lift with legs vs. back
    4. Ergonomic assessment of workspaces
    5. Maintain good strength in surrounding musculature
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8
Q

Most common types of hip fractures

A

Femoral Neck
Intertrochanteric
Subtrochanteric

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9
Q

Common Causes of Hip Fractures

A

Falls
Osteoporosis
Trauma - less common

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10
Q

Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)

A

Most common fracture repair surgery
Pins, screws or a rod placed to hold bone in place
Often result in limited weight bearing

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11
Q

What are some weight-bearing precautions after ORIF surgery?

A

Parameters set by MD
*Determined by *
surgical procedure
severity & location
type of prosthesis
bone integrity
patient weight
cognitive status

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12
Q

What are movement approach precautions for an Anterolateral (anterior) approach?

Hip Replacement

A

No extension
No external rotation
No adduction

Toes knees and hips need to be in the same direction

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13
Q

What are movement approach precautions for an Posterolateral (posterior) approach?

A

No flexion <90
No internal rotation
No adduction

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14
Q

Signs that a hip replacement is needed

A

Arthritis pain: Non-surgical treatments ineffective
“elective”
Hip Fracture

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15
Q

When would a client usually have a total knee replacement (TKR or TKA)?

A

Severe arthritis pain

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16
Q

Symptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

Reduced Lung Capacity
Compression Fracture
Osteoporosis
Kyphosis
Calcification or fusion
Inflammation of SI joints

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17
Q

Risk factors for Herniated Intervertebral Disk

A

Age
Metabolic Changes
Obesity
Trauma
Poor Body Mechanics

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18
Q

79 yo with a left total hip replacement (anterior approach) after failed conservative treatment for osteoarthritis
What type of weight bearing and/or movement restrictions would this client have?

A

Weight Bearing As Tolerated (WBAT) or
Partial Weight Bearing (PWB)
No extension/external rotation/adduction

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19
Q

Cancer

A
  • Genetic Mutation; Mutant cells can change function, cell growth can get out of control
  • Abnormal Cellular Behavior
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20
Q

True/False
Incidence for cancer is 10 times greater in those over 65y.

A

True

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21
Q

The mortality rate for cancer is higher among…
A. Women
B. Men

A

B. Men
The mortality rate for cancer is higer among men than women.

Highest in African American men

22
Q

What are some risk factors for cancer?

11

A

Age
Alcohol/Tobacco Use
Diet
Obesity
Radiation
Sunlight
Hormones
Chronic Inflammation
Cancer-Causing Substances
Immunosuppression
Infections

23
Q

Tumor

A

Abnormal Growth of Cells

24
Q

Characteristics of a Benign Tumor

A

No Cancerous Cells Present
Don’t Invade Nearby Tissue
Tumor Doesn’t Normally Return After Removal
Usually Has a Smooth, Regular Shape
Often Move Around if You Push on Them
Typically not Life-Threatening
May or May not need treatment

25
Q

What types of malignant tumor cells are there?

A

Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Blastomas

26
Q

Characteristics of Malignant Tumors

A

Contains Cancerous Cells
Able to Invade Nearby Tissue
Can shed cells that travel through the blood or lymphatic system to other parts of the body to form new tumors
Can Return After Being Removed
May have an Uneven Shape
Don’t Move Around When you Push on Them
Can be Life-Threatening
Require Treatment

27
Q

Tumor Effects

7

A

Pain
Obstruction
Weight loss
Fatigue
Necrosis and ulceration
Infection
Bleeding

28
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Cancer

A

Routine Screening- for early detection
Self-Examination- early detection if done consistently
Blood Tests- measure blood cell levels during treatment, may detect tumor markers (PSA test)
Radiographs, Ultrasound, MRI, CT
Cytological Tests- Require biopsy or cell sample

29
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread to distant sites
Spreads via blood or lymph or other body fluids
Ex. Carcinoma of the colon spreads to the liver

30
Q

Stages of Cancer

A

Stage 0: Abnormal Cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissuse (also called carcinoma in situ CIS. CIS is not cancer, but may become cancer)
Stage I, II, and III: Cancer is present. The higher the number, the larger the cancer tumor and the more it has spread into nearby tissues.
Stage IV: The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body

31
Q

Palliative Care

Full Definition

A

an approach that aims to improve quality of life for families and patients facing life-threatening illness. It provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms, support to help patients live as actively as possible, and coping and bereavement assistance

32
Q

Pre-Cancerous Tumor

A

Abnormal cells with potential to become cancerous

33
Q

Invasion

In relation to the spread of malignant tumors

A

Local Spread
Tumor cells grow into adjacent tissues

34
Q

What is TNM Staging?

A

Degree of Progression
Tumor Size
Number of lymph noed to which it has spread
Metastasis Present

35
Q

How is surgery used in relation to cancer?

A

Used to diagnose, treat, and prevent cancer

36
Q

What are secondary side effects from surgery?

A

Complications
Pain
Infection from wound site
Lymphedema

37
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Medicines or drugs that are used to treat cancer
Kill cancer cells and eradicate altogether OR
Contain or slow down tumor growth

38
Q

Secondary Side Effects of Chemotherapy

10

A

Fever and chills
Nausea and vomiting
Hair loss
Fatigue
Sores in mouth or throat
Constipation or diarrhea
Itching/rash
Muscle or joint pain
Memory changes
Peripheral neuropathy

39
Q

Radiation Therapy

Cancer

A

The use of high-energy particles or wavelengths to kill the cancerous cells and shrink tumors

40
Q

Seconary Side Effects of Radiation Therapy

Cancer

A

Fatigue
Skin Irritation at Site
Fever and Chills

41
Q

Immunotherapy

Cancer

A

A type of biological therapy that uses substances made from living organisms to treat cancer

42
Q

Secondary Side Effects of Immunotherapy

Cancer

A

Skin Irritation at Needle SIte
Flu-like Symptoms
Swelling
Weight-Gain

43
Q

Lung Cancer

A

Deadliest Type
More treatable than in past
Small cell or non-small cell
Leading cause: smoking, environmental factors
Often diagnosed (Dx) in late stages
Primary or secondary site

44
Q

Colorectal Cancer

A

Is one of the more deadly cancers
Increased risk over age 50
Early detection and possible prevention by colonoscopy
Change in bowel habits or bowel obstruction at later stages
Can cause life-altering surgeries and treatments such as colostomy
In some cases colostomies are reversed if treatment goes well

45
Q

Ovarian Cancer

A

Poor prognosis because of hidden nature of cancer
High mortality rates
May not be known until there is change in bowel or bladder function or unexpected increase in abdominal girth
All the other abdominal organs are vulnerable to spread due

46
Q

Breast Cancer

A

Most common cancer among women
2nd leading cause of death for women

47
Q

Risk Factors of Breast Cancer

A

Age
Heredity
Physical inactivity
Weight gain
Use of hormone replacement therapy
African American women most likely to die from breast CA, which may be due to more aggressive form

48
Q

Brain Cancer

A
  1. Life-threatening because of compression of brain tissue
  2. Primary tumor usually fatal; thus, no metastasis (Gould)
  3. Common deficits for which rehabilitation services are needed include the following:
    * Impaired cognition
    * Weakness
    * Visual-perceptual deficits
    * Sensory loss
    * Bowel–bladder dysfunction

May present as if they’ve had a stroke due to pressure on brain

49
Q

Head and Neck Cancers

A

Throat, larynx, nose, sinus or mouth
More common in males
Older adults
Caused by tobacco, excessive alcohol use, Human Papaloma Virus (HPV)

May experience anxiety & guilt over cause of cancer & implications for loved ones

50
Q

Lymphedema

A

Inadequate drainage of lymphatic fluid
Caused by blockage of lymphatic flow due to:
* tumor or scar tissue
* inflammation of lymph nodes and vessels related
to radiation
* surgical resection of lymph nodes
Most commonly associated with breast cancer
can occur with other forms of cancer
Typically occurs in the arms or legs
Increased edema in area impacted
affects ROM and function

Human Conditions I OTD7160 (14 decks)

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