Week 2 Flashcards
Cell
smallest LIVING unit
Intracellular Fluid
-Fluid inside the cell
-40% of water in the body
-HIGH Protein
-HIGH Potassium
Extracellular Fluid
-Fluid outside the cell
-Consists of Interstitial Fluid & intravascular fluid
Interstitial Fluid
-AKA Interstitium
-Fluid between cells
-LOW Water
-HIGH Sodium
-LOW Protein
Intravascular Fluid
-Fluid inside a vessel
-Plasma
-HIGH Sodium
-LOW Protein
Plasma
Fluid that transports/carries blood cells
Phospholipid Structure
Hydrophilic side = Head
Hydrophobic side = Tails
Diffusion
movement of a substance across the membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
-Substance comes into the cell with the help of a channel protein
-Does NOT need energy
Osmosis
-Diffusion of water through the membrane down its concentration gradient
- Water is polar = needs channel proteins
What happens when you put a cell in a HYPERtonic solution?
-Hypertonic NEEDS water
-Cell loses water and shrivels up
-Solution sucks the water out
What happens when you put a cell in a HYPOtonic solution?
-Hypotonic GIVES water
- Cell absorbs water then grows/swells up and can break
What happens when you put a cell in an ISOtonic solution?
-Isotonic has equal concentration
-Cell does not gain or lose water
Active Transport
A=ATP
- NEEDS energy (ATP) to work
ex. sodium/potassium pump
Endocytosis
-Bring things into the cell
-Active Transport
-Needs energy
Pinocytosis
-Takes in SMALL things
-Non-Selective
Receptor-Mediated
-Lock & Key System
- Selective
- If a substance has the key to the receptor a gate can open
Exocytosis
-Pushing things OUT of the cell
-Needs Energy
Parts of the Human Cell
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi Apparatus
-Mitochondrion
-Cytoskeleton
-Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough ER
- Studs (Ribosomes)
- Helps make protein
-protein comes from RNA
- Smooth ER
-makes lipids
Cytoskeleton
-protects/supports the cell
-helps with movement
Two Phases of the Cell Cycle
- Mitosis
- Interphase
Mitosis
Cell Devision
Interphase
-cell growth/function
Tissue
Specific cells that form a function
Histology
Study of tissues
Epithelial Tissues
-Covering/lining
-1st line of defence
Epithelial Shapes
-Squamous (flat/thin)
-Cuboidal (square)
-Columnar (Tall)
Epithelial Layers
-Simple (1 layer)
-Stratified (Several Layers)
Phospholipid Bilayer
-Makes up the cell membrane
-contains lots of proteins
-Protein in bilayer help with cell function
Concentration Gradient
-Diffusion from HIGH to LOW concentration
-No energy required
-substance is small/nonpolar
3 Forms of Endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Receptor Mediated
Phagocytosis
-Brings in BIG things and breaks them up
-Non-Selective
-Bodies defence
Golgi Apparatus
-Proteins and other products of ER are sent here
-Organizes, Modifies, Packages, and Tags them
Lysosome
proteins in a vesicle
Mitochondrion
-energy conversion factory
-ATP is made here
3 Parts of the Cytoskeleton
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate Filaments
Nucleus
-Contains DNA
-Replication of DNA occurs here
-Control centre of cell
DNA Replication consists of:
-Semi-conservative
-Transcription
-Translation
Semi-Conservative
-DNA keeps part of itself
-Keeps the right side; Replicates the Left
Transcription
Process of making mRNA from DNA
occurs in the Nucleus
Translation
Process of making proteins from mRNA
Occurs in Rough ER/Cytoplasm
Process of DNA to Protein
- Transcription in nucleus produces mRNA
- mRNA modified and sent to cytoplasm
- Translation of mRNA; Transcript is decoded into a protein
4 Types of Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
Function of Epithelial Tissue
- First line of defense
- Controls Permeability (absorb/release)
- Provide Sensation
- Produce Specialized Secretions
Squamous Epithelium
-Simple: Exchange/Absorption
-Stratified: Where friction is common
Cuboidal Epithelium
-Simple: Lines glands/ducts
-Stratified: rare/ protects sweat glands
Columnar Epithelium
-Simple: Digestive System/ Has Microvilli
-Pseudostratified: in respiratory tract (1 layer); has cilia
-Stratified: found in the mouth (2 layers); saliva glands
Microvilli
-Projects on columnar cells
-Helps absorb food
Cilia
-Projections on cells
-Found in breathing tract
-moves mucus to throat & swallow
-moves debris out of tract
