Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics?
faar·muh·kow·kuh·neh·tuhks

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs
–”What the body does to the drug”
-How moving into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pharmaceutics?
faar·muh·soo·tuhks

A

preparing drugs for administration
“Dosage Forms”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pharmacodynamics?

A

Action or effects of drugs on living systems
“What the drug does to the body”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Levels of Drug Activity? 4

A

Body Systems
Component Tissues
Cellular Level
Molecular Level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Drugs modify existing functions　
What are they? 3

A

Interrupt
-ipratropium/slow down mucus membrane
Replace
-Fe for anemia
-insulin
Potentiate
-Cathartics before sigmoidoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Beta-Blockers
a) Body Systems
b) Component Tissues
c) Cellular Level
d) Molecular Level

A

a) Reduces pulse rate
b) Negative chronotrope
c) Prevents elevation of cAMP
d) Competitive antagonism of norepinephrine to cardiac beta1 receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Agonist?

A

Activates!!
A drug interact with a receptor and fully activate it.
Intrinsic activity equals 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Partial Agonism

A

A drug interact with a receptor and partially activate it
Intrinsic activity between 0(0%) and 1(100%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Antagonism?

A

A drug binds a receptor and prevents a response from occuring
Blocking receptor to being fully stimulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Competitive Antagonism?

A

Agonist and antagonist both trying to bind to the same receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Noncompetitive Antagonism?

A

Binding of an antagonist to one receptor prevents an agonist from bind to another receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Eternal administration
Mouth

A

Thin lining, rich blood supply
Sublingual and buccal routes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Eternal administration
Stomach

A

Medium surface area, rich blood supply
Acidic pH
Drugs don’t stay long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eternal administration
Small Intestine

A

Hugh surface area
Rich blood supply
Basic pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Parenteral Administration
Advantages

A

Can be used for drugs that are poorly absorbed
Can provide an immediate onset of action (IV)
Can provide a longer lasting effect (IM/SQ)
Can concentrate drug at a specific location
Can provide a more predictable response
Can provide titratable dosage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parenteral Administration
Disadvantages

A

Pain
Irreversible
Extravasation　血管外漏出
Phlebitis　静脈炎
Not useful for self-administration
Contamination/infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Parenteral Administration 7

A

Intravenous into a vein
Intra-arterial into a artery
Intramuscular into the muscle
Epidural epidural space
Intrathecal into the CSF
Subcutaneous into the sab layer of the skin
Intra-articular Joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Topical Administration
Skin

A

Ointments, creams, patches
Local and systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Topical Administration
a) Eyes
b) Ears
c) Intranasal

A

a)Drops, ointments
Local distribution

b)Local distribution

c)Spray and drops
Local and systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Topical Administration
a) Inhalation
b) Vaginal

A

a) Local and systemic
b) Local and systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oral Dosage Forms 8

A

Dissolved Liquid (elixir, syrup)
Suspensions
Powders
Capsules
Tablets
Coated Tablets
Enteric-Coating
Sustained-Release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pharmacokinetic Phase
Absorption

A

Movement of drug molecules into the body

Passive: high to low
Facilitated diffusion: solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pharmacokinetic Phase
Rate of absorption can determine?

A

Onset of action
Duration of action
Intensity of response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Variables Affecting Absorption 4

A

Nature of absorbing surface
Surface area/small vs. large
Blood flow to site of administration
pH at the site of absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Drug
Excretion

A

Kidneys
Lungs
Sweat glands
Salivary glands
Mammary glands
GI tract

Excretion is the PHYSICAL removal of the drug from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Variables Affecting Dose/Response
Body Weight

A

Larger doses are often given to patients with greater
weight or BMI
Dependent on where the drug distributes to
– Muscle
– Adipose
– Body water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Variables Affecting Dose/Response
Age

A

Altered capacity to metabolize and/or excrete drugs
Most common in very young and very old
(Usually decreased)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Variables Affecting Dose/Response
Gender

A

Differences in body composition and hormonal activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Variables Affecting Dose/Response
Genetics

A

Enzymatic differences can lead to alterations in magnitude of effect
Decrease or increase
Therapeutic failure or toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Variables Affecting Dose/Response
Tolerance

A

Larger doses must be given to maintain the same effect
Commonly seen with opioids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Variables Affecting Dose/Response
Psychological factors / Beliefs

A

Placebo effect

For example, if you get sick after eating a specific food
-you may associate that food with having been sick
and avoid it in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Variables Affecting Dose/Response
Comorbid medical conditions

A

Can affect all phases of pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

a) Reversible antagonist?
b) An irreversible antagonist?

A

a) A reversible antagonist binds non-covalently to the
receptor. Therefore can be “washed out”
b) An irreversible antagonist binds covalently to the
receptor
Cannot be displaced by either competing ligands or
washing

34
Q

Drug-Drug Interaction Definition?
a) What response are they?
b) A change in a drug’s effect on the body when the drug is taken b______

A

a) The pharmacological or clinical
b) together with a second drug

35
Q

Types of Drug Interactions 4

A

1) Drug-drug
2) Drug-food
3) Drug-herbal medicine
4) Drug-laboratory

36
Q

Types of Drug Interactions
Pharmacokinetic

A

One drug alters the rate of absorption,
distribution, metabolism or excretion of another drug
Change in the plasma concentrations of another drug

37
Q

Types of Drug Interactions
Pharmacodynamic

A

One drug induces a change in a patient’s response to a drug without altering the object drug’s action

38
Q

Types of Drug Interactions
Pharmaceutical

A

Includes physical and chemical incompatibilities
両立しがたいこと
IV chemical

39
Q

Potential for Interactions

a)______ drugs available in US
b)______% of population on at least 5 products

Possible combination is 525,000,000,000,000,000

A

a) 4000
b) 25

40
Q

Patients at Greatest Risk 6

A

Multiple medications
Multiple prescribers
Multiple pharmacies
Elderly
Obese patients
Critically ill patients

41
Q
A

a) No concern
b) Limited concern
c) Limited concern
d) Worse case
Serious concern

42
Q

The drug agonist binds to receptor A in the brain to raise blood pressure & the drug antagonist binds to receptor A in the brain to decrease blood pressure

A

Pharmacological antagonism
One receptor/ same receptor

43
Q

The drug agonist binds to receptor A in the brain to raise blood pressure & the drug antagonist bind to receptor B in the blood vessels to decrease blood pressure

A

Effect antagonism
Opposite effect
Two different receptor

44
Q

Enteral administration from where to where?

A

Mouth to anus

45
Q

Where is the location?
a) Epidural
b) Intrathecal
c) Subcutaneous
d) Intra-articular

A

a) epidural space
b) into the CSF/cerebral spinal fluid
c) into sub layer of skin
d) joint

46
Q
A

a) Disintegration 分解
b) Dissolution 溶解

47
Q

What dose Disintegration means?

A

Increase the surface area of the drug and starts to break apart

48
Q

What dose Dissolution means?

A

In order for drug to cross the biological membrane it needs to undergo dissolution.

49
Q

List 4 variables that allow for increase absorption?

A

1: Natural of absorbing surface
Thinner is better for absorption
2: pH
Basic=good
Acidic=poor
3: Large surface area
Bigger= better
4: Blood supply to the site

50
Q

Definitions of Time-Concentration Curve
Minimum effective concentration

A

The amount of drug in the body it takes to provide benifit

51
Q

Definitions of Time-Concentration Curve
Duration of action

A

The period of time the drug is above the minimum effective

52
Q

Definitions of Time-Concentration Curve
Onset of action

A

When the drug starts having an effect

53
Q

Definitions of Time-Concentration Curve
Therapeutic range

A

Above this range is toxic, below is not effective

54
Q

Definitions of Time-Concentration Curve
Toxic level

A

Too high blood levels of the drug: will have negative

55
Q

The form of drug elimination in which an active drug is metabolized into an inactive form is called the?

A

Biotransformation

56
Q

What is the difference between excretion and elimination?

A

Elimination is the removal of the ACTION the drug from the body.
Excretion is the PHYSICAL removal of the drug from the body

57
Q

An interaction between drugs that have opposite effect, they can block or reduce the effect is called?

A

Antagonistic drug interaction

58
Q

The combined effects of drugs when take together is greater than when take alone is called?

A

Synergistic drug interaction

a: Decrease BP + b Decrease BP= double effect

59
Q

Which characteristic are they?
a) Change in plasma concentration occurs
b) Incompatibilities prevent absorption

A

a) Pharmacokinetic
b) Pharmaceutical

60
Q

Which characteristic are they?
a) A drug causes a change in the pt’s response to another drug
b) A drug alters the absorption and distribution if another drug

A

a) Pharmacodynamic
b) Pharmacokinetic

61
Q

Which characteristic are they?
a) No change in the plasma concentration
b) A drug alters the metabolism and excretion of another drug

A

a) Pharmacodynamic
b) Pharmacokinetic

62
Q

What is a enzyme and its function?

A

Enzymes are proteins
Help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

63
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump?

A

The sodium–potassium pump is an enzyme (an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase) found in the membrane of all animal cells.

64
Q

ligand-gated ion channels?

A

One type of membrane receptors
They are transmembrane ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical signal like a ligand.

65
Q

What are characteristic object drugs?

A

Have a narrow therapeutic range
Used chronically
Metabolize by hepatic enzymes
影響を受け，薬効や有害反応の直接の原因となる

66
Q

What are characteristic of precipitant drugs?

A

The agent which precipitants such an interanion
相互作用を引き起こす医薬品

67
Q

<p>Name 3 ways that drug interactions can occur as a result of altered absorption.</p>

A

<p>Complexation<br></br>pH change<br></br>GI motility change</p>

68
Q

<p>What is enzyme induction?<br></br></p>

A

<p>Certain drugs capable of increasing metabolic enzymes in the liver</p>

69
Q

<p>What is enzyme inhibition?<br></br></p>

A

<p>A number of drugs are capable of decreasing the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes</p>

70
Q

<p>Place either enzyme induction or inhibition</p>

<p>a. Happens slowly<br></br>b. Results in toxicity<br></br>c. Increases amount of enzyme<br></br>d. Happens quickly<br></br>e. Causes ineffective treatment<br></br>f. Most common way a serious DI can occur</p>

A

<p>a) induction<br></br> a,c,e</p>

<p>b) inhibition<br></br> b,d,f</p>

71
Q

<p>Mechanism of altered absorption</p>

<p>Complexation</p>

<p></p>

A

<p>Bile acid resins<br></br>OTC+ prescription drug</p>

<p>Drug that from chemical complexes with other drug<br></br>lower the rate of drug absorption</p>

<p>"Take meds at different time!"</p>

72
Q

<p>Mechanism of altered absorption</p>

<p>Change in pH</p>

A

<p>Most drug likes basic pH environment</p>

<p>If the drug change the pH, not absorb as suppose to be</p>

<p>Poop out then drug is not working</p>

73
Q

<p>Mechanism of altered absorption</p>

<p>GI motility</p>

A

<p>Slowing motility<br></br>= increase absorption time</p>

<p>Speeding motility<br></br>=decrease absorption time<br></br>Problem with sustains-release meds</p>

74
Q

<p>CYP2D6 is including what enzyme?</p>

A

<p>Cytochrome P-450<br></br>genetic enzyme<br></br>someone has a lots, someone has a little</p>

75
Q

<p>Factors affecting drug metabolism</p>

<p>Age<br></br></p>

A

<p>neonate, premature baby<br></br>-not developed organs<br></br>-not have specific enzyme to metabolize</p>

<p>Elderly<br></br>-life experience(smoke, drinking)<br></br>-decease body function (liver, kidney)<br></br></p>

76
Q

<p>Factors affecting drug metabolism</p>

<p>disease states</p>

A

<p>Hepatic cancer etc<br></br>OIs drug clear by liver?<br></br>overdose danger!</p>

77
Q

<p>Factors affecting drug metabolism</p>

<p>pregnancy</p>

A

<p>Placenta has a lot of enzyme<br></br>smoke causes to produce more enzyme</p>

<p>After delivered placenta, need to adjust dosage</p>

78
Q

<p>Enzyme induction</p>

A

<p>Active drug to inactive drug<br></br>Make more enzyme=decrease drug work</p>

<p>Onset 5days,max eff 2weeks (slowly work)<br></br>Offset 2-3 weeks</p>

79
Q

<p>Enzyme inhibition</p>

A

<p>Increase plasma concentration<br></br>=stop breaking drugs<br></br>=more drug action</p>

<p>Onset reach max in 24 hours<br></br>Offset within 24h hours<br></br>Result toxicity</p>

80
Q

<p>Pharmacodynamic interaction</p>

<p>Drug A increase HR<br></br>Drug B decrease HR</p>

<p></p>

A

<p>Antagonistic<br></br>Change nothing<br></br>Cancel out</p>

81
Q

<p>Pharmacodynamic interaction</p>

<p>Taking lower BP med, 2 days later taking another lower BP med to have greater result</p>

A

<p>Synergistic/Additive Therapeutic Effect</p>

82
Q

<p>Pharmacodynamic interaction</p>

<p>Taking a CNS drug and starts taking another drug also causes CNS depression</p>

A

<p>Synergistic/Advance Effects</p>

Pharmacology (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions