Fundamentals

Question 1

Barriers to absorption

Oral

Answer 1

Meds must pass the epithelial cells that line the GI tract

Question 2

Absorption is?

Answer 2

The transmission of meds from the location of administration(GI, skin etc) to the bloodstream.

Question 3

Pharmacokinetics refers to?

Answer 3

How med travels through the body

Question 4

Barriers to absorption

Sublingual

Answer 4

Swallowing before dissolution allows GI PH to inactivate the meds

Question 5

Barriers to absorption

Rectal, vaginal

Answer 5

The presence of stool or infectious material limits tissue contact

Question 6

Intradermal

Use for?

Answer 6

Tuberculin test
Checking meds
Allergy Sensitivity

Question 7

ID

Nursing action

Answer 7

A small amount of solution
At 10-15 degrees
DO not massage the site after injection

Question 8

Subcutaneous

Use for?

Answer 8

Small dose
Nonirritating, water-soluble
Insulin
Heparin

Question 9

SQ

Nursing actions

Answer 9

Select a site with adequate fat-pad size
Inject at 45 to 90 degrees
(obese 90)

Question 10

Intramuscular

Used for?

Answer 10

Irritating meds
Solution in oils

Question 11

IM

Nursing action

Answer 11

Inject at 90 degrees

The common site is Ventrogluteal

Question 12

Sublingual route?

Answer 12

Under the tongue

Question 13

Buccal route?

Answer 13

Between the gums and the inner lining of the mouth cheek

Question 14

Factors influencing

Answer 14

Circulation
Permeability of the cell membrane
Plasma protein binding

Question 15

Distribution

Plasma protein binding
Liver? Kidney?

Answer 15

Liver making albumin
Kidney prevent exertion albumin

Increase protein binds meds
Decease distribution

Question 16

Metabolism

a) Metabolism changes meds into?
b) This occurs?

Answer 16

a) into less active or inactive
b) liver

Question 17

Metabolism influencing factors?

Answer 17

Age
First-pass effect
Metabolizing enzymes

Question 18

Agonists

Answer 18

A drug that binds to the receptor
Producing a similar response to the intended chemical and receptor

A molecule that Mimics the effect of the neurotransmitter

Question 19

Antagonists

Answer 19

A drug that binds to the receptor to stops the receptor from producing a response

A molecule that opposes the effect of the neurotransmitter

Question 20

First pass metabolism?

Answer 20

Metabolism of a drug BEFORE it reaches the systemic circulation

Question 21

Short half-time refers?

Answer 21

Meds leave the body quickly (4-8hr)
Thu administer more than one time a day

Question 22

Long half-time refers?

Answer 22

Meds leave the body more slowly(over more 24hr)

Thu administer only once a day

Question 23

Who can legally write a prescription?

Answer 23

Physicians
Advanced practice nurse
Dentists
Physician assistants

Question 24

What is the drug that disturbs the development of the embryo or fetus?

Answer 24

Teratogenic

Birth defects
Fetal malformation 胎児奇形

Question 25

What are the anaphylactic reactions?

Answer 25

Low blood pressure Wheezing(bronchospasm) Tachycardia Angioedema Difficult swallowing

Question 26

What effect? Two similar drugs are taken together to achieve the same degree of therapeutic effect

Answer 26

Additive effect Clients can achieve desired effects with the use of lower dosages 1+1=2

Question 27

What is the precautions section for?

Answer 27

To determine if dosage modification is indicated Drug use involves particular risks or dosage modification might be necessary, such as the presence of a client's condition or restrictions due to the client's age

Question 28

What effect? Two or more drugs that cause the total effect of the drugs to be greater than the sum

Answer 28

Synergistic effect 1+1= greater than 2 Asprin+warfarin= more severe bleeding risk

Question 29

What effect? ## Footnote One drug decreases or blocks if given with another drug

Answer 29

Antagonistic effect 1+1=less then 2 Asthma drug + Cardiovascular drug