Week 13 - Thoracic and Pulmonary Sx, Cardiac Sx Flashcards
Arterial blood gas (ABGs)
blood test that determines CO2 and O2 saturation, pH, and other important parameters of respiration and oxygen perfusion
Blebs
areas of over distention in lung tissue
Closed chest drainage
system of removing air or fluid from thoracic cavity and restoring negative pressure so lugs will expand properly after thoracic sx or penetrating trauma to chest wall
Diffusion (oxygen)
molecular passage of O2 across the alveoli and into the bloodstream
Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
Empyema
pus-filled area of the lung
Expiration
exhalation; act of breathing out
Hemoptysis
blood sputum or bleeding arising from the respiratory tract
Hemothorax
presence of blood in the thoracic cavity or between the pleural sac and lungs
Hypoxia
lower than normal perfusion
Inspiration
inhalation; act of taking a breath
Perfusion (oxygen)
distribution of O2 to tissues
Pneumothorax
air in the chest cavity; prevents lungs from expanding any may displace mediastinal structures
Pulmonary function test (PFTs)
tests performed to measure function and strength of the pulmonary system
Ventilation
process of inflating and deflating lungs during breathing
Apnea
cessation of respiration
Hyperventilation
abnormally fast rate of respiration
Hyperpnea
excessively deep respiration
Tidal volume
amount of air exhaled during normal respiration
Bronchoscopy
endoscopic examination trachea and bronchi
Mediastinoscopy
endoscopic examination of the mediastinum through an incision; thymus and lymphnode biopsy are performed
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
minimally invasive sx of thoracic cavity
Thoracotomy
open sx of the thoracic cavity
Lobectomy
a lung lobe is removed to prevent the spread of cancer or treat a benign tumor
Pneumonectomy
removal of the entire lung
Aneurysm
weakness in the arterial wall resulting in ballooning of the artery and possible rupture
Apex
lower left tip of the ventricle of the heart; rounded upper portion of each lung
Arrhythmia
abnormal heartbeat; dysrhythmia
Atherosclerosis
ds characterized by the buildup of cholesterol deposits in the arterial lining
Arteriosclerosis
ds of arteries characterized by loss of elasticity and hardening of the arterial walls
Bradycardia
slow heart rate (>60bpm adult)
Congenital
condition present at birth
Endovascular repair
endoscopic sx of the vascular system
Fibrillation
uncoordinated muscular activity in the heart muscle (“quivering”)
Heart-lung machine
medical device used during cardiac bypass; systemic blood shunted out of body via cannulas implanted in the hear; collects blood, removes CO2, oxygenates it, returns it to the body through separate cannulas
Infarction
necrosis and death of tissue related to obstruction of blood flow
Ischemia
reduced blood supply to tissue; result of obstruction within the blood vessels or external pressure
Off-pump procedure
procedure performed without a cardiopulmonary bypass
Pacemaker
device that stimulates the heart muscle to contract
Shunt
bypass a structure or carry fluid from one anatomical location to another
Tachycardia
fast heart rate (>120 bpm adult)
Paramedian (incision)
right or left of the sternum; used for minimally invasive sx and lymph node biopsy
Minthoracotomy (incision)
2 in (5 cm) right or left between ribs for access during minimally invasive and robotic procedures
Median sternotomy (incision)
partial or full midline made through the sternum
Heparin
anticoagulant, prevents conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Protamine sulfate
administered to reverse the anticoagulant effects of heparin; IV protamine is administered after bypass
Lidocaine (Xylocaine, 1%)
tx of ventricular arrthymia
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
performed to improve circulation to the heart, an autograft is usually used
Endovascular repair of a thoracic aneurysm (Decending thoracic aortic aneurysm - DTTA)
used to treat ds of the aorta (commonly used to treat AAA - abdominal aortic aneurysm)
Insertion of an arterial cardiac pacemaker
implanted in the body to correct cardiac arrythmia cuased by a ds of the conduction system
