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ST3 > Week 12 - Neurosurgery > Flashcards

Week 12 - Neurosurgery Flashcards

1
Q

Acoustic neuroma

A

benign tumor of the 8th cranial nerve; schwannoma

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2
Q

Aneurysm

A

dilation or ballooning of an artery wall as a result of injury, disease, or congential condition

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3
Q

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

A

collection of blood vessels with abnormal communication between arteries and veins

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4
Q

Astrocytes

A

cells that support the nerve cells (neurons)

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5
Q

Bone flap

A

section of bone removed from skull during craniotomy procedures

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6
Q

Embolization

A

technique used to occlude a blood vessel; variety or material are injected in to the vessel under fluoroscopy to stop active bleeding or prevent bleeding

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7
Q

Intracranial pressure (ICP)

A

pressure within the skull exerted by the brain tissue, blood, and cerebral spinal fluid

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8
Q

Stereotactic

A

computerized method of locating a point in space or in tissue, using coordinates in 3 dimension

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9
Q

Skull (cranium)

A

bony plates connected by suture; covers and protects the brain; frontal, parietal (x2), temporal (x2), and occipital bone

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

hindbrain; 2nd largest are of the brain; helps control coordination, movement, and equilibrium

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11
Q

Cerebrum

A

forebrain; controls all motor activity and sensory impulses; divided into right and left hemispheres; largest part of the brain

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12
Q

Spinal cord

A

located within the vertebral canal; continuous with the medulla oblongata; originates at magnum foramen terminates in the cauda equina at L1-L2; surrounded by meninges

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13
Q

Brain stem

A

medulla oblongata, midbrain (thalmus, hypothalmus, pituitary gland, pineal gland), and pons; controls circulatory system, respiration, and heart rate

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14
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves that originate in the brain; responsible for sensory and motor functions

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15
Q

I Olfactory

A

sense of smell

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16
Q

II Optic

A

conveys impulses for sight

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17
Q

III Oculomotor

A

controls muscles that move the eye and iris

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18
Q

IV Trochlear

A

controls the oblique muscle of the eye

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19
Q

V Trigeminal

A

sensory nerve; controls sensations of the face, forehead, mouth, nose, and top of head

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20
Q

VI Abducens

A

controls lateral movement of the eye

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21
Q

VII Facial

A

motor nerve; controls muscles in face and scalp, tears and salivation

22
Q

VIII Vestibulocochlear (acoustic)

A

controls hearing and equilibrium

23
Q

IX Glossopharyngeal

A

controls sense of taste and pharyneal movement, parotid gland, and salivation

24
Q

X Vagus

A

innervates the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, heart, pancreas, lungs and digestive systems; control sensory pathways of abdominal viscera, pleura, and thoracic viscera

25
Q

XI Accessory

A

cranial and spinal portions; cranial-joins the vagus nerve to help control pharyneal and larygeal muscles; spinal-controls trapezius and sternomastoid muscles

26
Q

XII Hypoglossal

A

innervates muscles of the tounge

27
Q

Vertebral column

A

provides structure and protects spinal cord; 24 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)

28
Q

History and Physical

A

determine past and present symptoms, trauma, neurological illness and pathological abnormalities

29
Q

Computed tomography

A

gold standard for evaluating cranial vascular disorders

30
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

used to diagnose tumors, abscesses, ligament damages, and disc herniation

31
Q

Stereotactic magnetic resonance

A

combines MRI with a head frame (magnetic markers=fiducials) to pinpoint a particular location of the brain to provide precise coordinates for surgery

32
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

A

used for pre op brain mapping; alloy neurosurgeon to localize areas of the brain responsible for certain motor skills, language and sensory functions

33
Q

Magnetic resonance angiography

A

produces very detailed images of vascular structures; useful for visualizing cerebral circulation

34
Q

Angiography (arteriography)

A

used to diagnosis cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations; contrast medium is injected into pts arterial system to outline the structure of the vessels

35
Q

Digital subtraction angiography

A

imaging technique used with standard angiography to isolate vascular structures; precontrast image is “subtracted” from the data to reveal vascular structure

36
Q

Three-dimensional CT angiography

A

contrast medium used to provide images of intracranial vasculature

37
Q

Myelography

A

contrast medium injected into subarachnoid space of cervical or lumbar spine, xrays taken to record images

38
Q

Discography

A

imaging technique with contrast used to evaluate pathology of an intravertebral disc

39
Q

Ultrasound

A

used to assess blood flow in cerebral blood vessels; used intraop for real-time imaging of cysts, tumor, and other structures in brain and spinal cord

40
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

measures the electrical activity of the brain; used to evaluate seizure disorders, head injuries, dementia, metabolic conditions affecting the brain

41
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

measures conduction rate of motor nerves; used to evaluate loss of nerve conduction due to herniated disc, spondylosis, and other impingement disorders

42
Q

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP)

A

measures sensory impulses from the body to the brain, used to access nerve damage

43
Q

Burr hole

A

holes are drilled in the cranium with a neurosurgical drill (craniotome); used to relieve pressure on brain caused by an accumulation of fluid beneath the dura mater

44
Q

Craniotomy (tumor removal)

A

incision into the cranium, bone replaced

45
Q

Craniectomy

A

removal of cranial bone; bone removed

46
Q

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion

A

ACD-excise one or more herniated cervical intervertebral discs; F-restores continuity to spine after disc is removed

47
Q

Posterior cervical laminectomy

A

performed to access the cervical spinal cord and remove a portion of the cervical lamina

48
Q

Lumbar laminectomy and disectomy

A

LL-performed to access lumbar spinal cord and remove a portion of the lumbar lamina; D-to excise and remove a portion of the intervertebral disc

49
Q

Lumbar fusion

A

performed to stabilize the spine using bone graft or metal implant

50
Q

Cordotomy

A

chordotomy; disable pain-conducting tracts in the spinal cord

ST3 (15 decks)

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