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ST3 > Week 12 - Neurosurgery > Flashcards

Week 12 - Neurosurgery Flashcards

1
Q

Acoustic neuroma

A

benign tumor of the 8th cranial nerve; schwannoma

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2
Q

Aneurysm

A

dilation or ballooning of an artery wall as a result of injury, disease, or congential condition

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3
Q

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

A

collection of blood vessels with abnormal communication between arteries and veins

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4
Q

Astrocytes

A

cells that support the nerve cells (neurons)

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5
Q

Bone flap

A

section of bone removed from skull during craniotomy procedures

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6
Q

Embolization

A

technique used to occlude a blood vessel; variety or material are injected in to the vessel under fluoroscopy to stop active bleeding or prevent bleeding

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7
Q

Intracranial pressure (ICP)

A

pressure within the skull exerted by the brain tissue, blood, and cerebral spinal fluid

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8
Q

Stereotactic

A

computerized method of locating a point in space or in tissue, using coordinates in 3 dimension

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9
Q

Skull (cranium)

A

bony plates connected by suture; covers and protects the brain; frontal, parietal (x2), temporal (x2), and occipital bone

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

hindbrain; 2nd largest are of the brain; helps control coordination, movement, and equilibrium

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11
Q

Cerebrum

A

forebrain; controls all motor activity and sensory impulses; divided into right and left hemispheres; largest part of the brain

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12
Q

Spinal cord

A

located within the vertebral canal; continuous with the medulla oblongata; originates at magnum foramen terminates in the cauda equina at L1-L2; surrounded by meninges

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13
Q

Brain stem

A

medulla oblongata, midbrain (thalmus, hypothalmus, pituitary gland, pineal gland), and pons; controls circulatory system, respiration, and heart rate

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14
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves that originate in the brain; responsible for sensory and motor functions

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15
Q

I Olfactory

A

sense of smell

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16
Q

II Optic

A

conveys impulses for sight

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17
Q

III Oculomotor

A

controls muscles that move the eye and iris

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18
Q

IV Trochlear

A

controls the oblique muscle of the eye

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19
Q

V Trigeminal

A

sensory nerve; controls sensations of the face, forehead, mouth, nose, and top of head

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20
Q

VI Abducens

A

controls lateral movement of the eye

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21
Q

VII Facial

A

motor nerve; controls muscles in face and scalp, tears and salivation

22
Q

VIII Vestibulocochlear (acoustic)

A

controls hearing and equilibrium

23
Q

IX Glossopharyngeal

A

controls sense of taste and pharyneal movement, parotid gland, and salivation

24
Q

X Vagus

A

innervates the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, heart, pancreas, lungs and digestive systems; control sensory pathways of abdominal viscera, pleura, and thoracic viscera

25
XI Accessory
cranial and spinal portions; cranial-joins the vagus nerve to help control pharyneal and larygeal muscles; spinal-controls trapezius and sternomastoid muscles
26
XII Hypoglossal
innervates muscles of the tounge
27
Vertebral column
provides structure and protects spinal cord; 24 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
28
History and Physical
determine past and present symptoms, trauma, neurological illness and pathological abnormalities
29
Computed tomography
gold standard for evaluating cranial vascular disorders
30
Magnetic resonance imaging
used to diagnose tumors, abscesses, ligament damages, and disc herniation
31
Stereotactic magnetic resonance
combines MRI with a head frame (magnetic markers=fiducials) to pinpoint a particular location of the brain to provide precise coordinates for surgery
32
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
used for pre op brain mapping; alloy neurosurgeon to localize areas of the brain responsible for certain motor skills, language and sensory functions
33
Magnetic resonance angiography
produces very detailed images of vascular structures; useful for visualizing cerebral circulation
34
Angiography (arteriography)
used to diagnosis cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations; contrast medium is injected into pts arterial system to outline the structure of the vessels
35
Digital subtraction angiography
imaging technique used with standard angiography to isolate vascular structures; precontrast image is "subtracted" from the data to reveal vascular structure
36
Three-dimensional CT angiography
contrast medium used to provide images of intracranial vasculature
37
Myelography
contrast medium injected into subarachnoid space of cervical or lumbar spine, xrays taken to record images
38
Discography
imaging technique with contrast used to evaluate pathology of an intravertebral disc
39
Ultrasound
used to assess blood flow in cerebral blood vessels; used intraop for real-time imaging of cysts, tumor, and other structures in brain and spinal cord
40
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
measures the electrical activity of the brain; used to evaluate seizure disorders, head injuries, dementia, metabolic conditions affecting the brain
41
Electromyography (EMG)
measures conduction rate of motor nerves; used to evaluate loss of nerve conduction due to herniated disc, spondylosis, and other impingement disorders
42
Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP)
measures sensory impulses from the body to the brain, used to access nerve damage
43
Burr hole
holes are drilled in the cranium with a neurosurgical drill (craniotome); used to relieve pressure on brain caused by an accumulation of fluid beneath the dura mater
44
Craniotomy (tumor removal)
incision into the cranium, bone replaced
45
Craniectomy
removal of cranial bone; bone removed
46
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
ACD-excise one or more herniated cervical intervertebral discs; F-restores continuity to spine after disc is removed
47
Posterior cervical laminectomy
performed to access the cervical spinal cord and remove a portion of the cervical lamina
48
Lumbar laminectomy and disectomy
LL-performed to access lumbar spinal cord and remove a portion of the lumbar lamina; D-to excise and remove a portion of the intervertebral disc
49
Lumbar fusion
performed to stabilize the spine using bone graft or metal implant
50
Cordotomy
chordotomy; disable pain-conducting tracts in the spinal cord

ST3 (15 decks)

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