Week 1 Anatomy, physiology & directional terms Flashcards
Define anatomy
the study of the body structures, and their relationships to eachother
Define Physiology
The study of how the body normally functions
Name the 11 systems of the human body
Integumantary system
Muscular system
Skeletal System
Nervous system
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Lympathic system
Endocrine system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
What are the three anatomical directional terminology?
Sagittal Plane
Frontal Plane (coronal)
Transverse Plane
Describe Gross anatomy
is the study of relatively large structures that are visible with the unaided eye
Describe Microscopic anatomy
Is the study of structures that need magnification to be viewed
What are the levels of human structure, from complex to simplest?
Chemical Level Cellular Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ Systems Level Organism Level
Describe the chemical level
The smallest level that can be dealt with, Includes single atoms and combinations of atoms (molecules)
Describe Cellular level
Billions of molecules bind together to build cells which are the most basic structural and functional unit of life
Describe Tissue Level
The tissue level of organization consists of a group of cells that work together to accomplish one or more specific functions.
Describe Organ Level
The combination of different types of tissues produces organs that perform specific function
Descirbe Organ Systems Level
A collection of related orangs that serve a common function are called an organ system
Describe Organismal Level
all parts of the human body functioning to make up the human organism.
What are the 11 systems of the body?
Skeletal system Reproduction system Lymphatic system Muscular system Endocrine System Urinary System Cardiovascular system Digestion System Integumentary System Nervous System Respiratory System
Describe the anatomical postition
Used as a frame of reference to describe anatomical terminology. Allowing one to explain where a body part is in relation to another.
What does the anatomical position look like?
Standing up straight, facing forwards Feet are flat on floor & close together Hands by the sides with palms facing forwards
What is the function of the skeletal system?
To support
Protection of soft tissues
Mineral storage
Blood formation
What is the function of the nervous system?
Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organs
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Directing long term changes in the activities of other organs
What does the endocrine system do?
Hormone producing glands and hormone producing cells in other organs
What are the components of the cardio vascular system?
Blood, heart, blood vessels
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients wastes and gasses
What are the components of the Lymphatic system?
Lymphatic fluid
Vessels
Spleen
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
What is the function of the Lympathic system?
Defense against infection and disease
What are the components of the respiratory system?
Lung and airway passages
What are the functions of the respiratory system ?
Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur
What are the components of the digestive system?
Organs of the gastrointestinal tract. A long tube, pharynx, esophagus and it’s accessory structures (salivary glands,liver, pancreas)
What are the functions of the digest system?
Processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, mineral, vitamins and water.
What are the components of the Urinary System?
Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
What are the functions of the Urinary System?
Elimination of excess water, salts and waste prodcuts, pH regulation.
What are the components of the Reproduction system?
Gonads (overies and testis)
What is the function of the Reproduction system?
Production of sex cells, hormones and secretions
What is the component of the muscular system
Skeletal muscle tissue
What is the function of the Muscular system?
Support, heat production, locomotion
What are the components of the Integumentary System?
Skin, hair nails
What is the function of the Integumentary system?
Protection from environmental hazard, temp control
Describe prone
Position the subject is lying face down
Describe Supine
Position the subject is laying face upwards
What is a directional term?
Are used to indicate various body structures. They help you accurately describe and locate body structures, and help you communicate with other clinicians.
They are all relative, they only make sense when used to describe the position of one structure to another
Describe superior
towards the head
Describle Inferior
Further from the head
Describe Posterior (dorsal)
Towards the back on the body
Describe anterior
Towards the front of the body
Describe midline
The midline is an imaginary line that devides the body lenthways into two equal halves
What does medial mean?
Closer to the midline
What does lateral mean?
Further from the midline
What does proximal mean?
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
What does distal mean?
Farther from the attachment of a limb from the trunk
Describe Superficial
towards the surface of the body eg the ribs are superficial to the lungs. (towards skin)
Describe Deep
Means away from the surface of the body eg the ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back
Describe sagittal plane
Vertical line that divides the body or organ into right and left sides.
What is the transverse plane?
Is a line that divides the body into top and bottom halves
What is the frontal (coronal) plane?
A vertical line that divides the body into front and back halves
How many cavities within the body and what are their names?
7
Cranial cavity
Thoracic cavity
Vertebral cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Dorsal body cavity (cranial & vertebral)
Ventral body cavity (thoracic, abdominal pelvic cavity)
Describe the thoracic cavity
Encircled by ribs, muscles of the chest and sternum, and thoracic portion of the vertebral column.
Contains smaller cavities:
- Pericardial*
- Pleural*
- Mediastinum*
Describe abdominalpelvic cavity
Extends from the diaphram to the groin. It is surrounded by abdominal wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.
Divided into two,
a) abdominal incl stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small and large intestine
b) pelvic contains the bladder, portions of lrg intes, internal organs and reproductive organs
How can the abdomincal reigon be classified?
Right Upper Quad, Left Upper quad,
Left Lower quad, Right lower quad
OR
Right hypochondriac region, Right Lumbar region, Right inguinal region
Epigastric region, Umbilical region, Hypogastic region (public)
Left hypochondriac region, left lumar region Left inguibal region
What is the Viscera?
Is a term that refers to all organs located within both the thoracic and abdominalpelvic cavities.
What is a serous membrane?
They’re thin, slippery, double layered membranes (like a balloon) that cover the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavity. Serous Memranes are composed into two parts:
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Descirbe the Parietal Layer of the serous membrane
Is the layer of the doubled sided serous membrane that lines the wall of the cavity
Describe the Visceral layer of the serous membrane
Is the layer of the double-sided serous membrane that attaches to and covers the outside of the organs within the cavity
What is serous fluid and what is it’s function?
Reduces the friction between the two layers allowing the viscera to slide around to some degree during movement.
Eg when the lungs inflate and deflate during breathing
