W1 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Define hormone and endocrine system

A

The bodies second great controlling system which influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones.
Hormones: are chemical messages that act to alter the activity of its target cell

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2
Q

Discuss differences between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

The presence exocrine (needs ducts) or absences (endocrine) of ducts.

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3
Q

List differences between the endocrine and nervous systems

A

Endocrine communicates by only chemical means (hormones). Nervous system communicates via electrical impulses (action potential) (neurotransmitters).
Endocrine has a wider spread distribution of hormones, whereas nervous system is local and specific. Endocrine reacts more slowly to stimuli whereas, nervous system reacts quickly.

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4
Q

List the 3 mechanisims of action

A

Autocrine agents act on the cell that secreted it.
Paracrine agents act of adjacent cells.
Endocrine agents release hormones into blood stream, travelling to distant target cell, maintenance of homeostasis.

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5
Q

Describe how hormones are transported to their site of action

A
AMines and peptides are hydrophillic and mix easily with blood plasma → steroids and thyroid hormone are hydrophobic so they need to bind to transport proteins → they then disassociate with protein. Bound hormones have a longer circulating time in the blood stream as the protein protects it from being metabolically broken down. Resulting in longer floating in system .
Hormones act only at target cells of which contain specific receptors.  {Lock and key mechanisim}.
Steroid hormone (nucleus or cytoplasm) HYDROPHOBIC: penetrate plasma
Non-steriod (protein, peptide & amine hormone). HYDROPHILLIC: must bind to to cell surface receptor
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6
Q

Describe how steroid hormones stimulate their target cells

& state any differences between the main chemical groups of hormones

A

Steroid hormones: binds to carrier proteins and penetrate phospholipid plasma membrane.

  1. Lipid soluable steroid hormone molecules detach from a carrier protein.
  2. Moves into intracellular space passing through phospholipid bilayer of target cell.
  3. Hormone enters nucleus and binds to receptor.
  4. Binds to DNA location
  5. Transcription of gene produced new mRNA strands.
  6. mRNA moves into cytosol where a ribosome translates into a protein
  7. New protein produces specific effects in target cell.
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7
Q

Describe how target cells can adjust their sensitivity to a hormone

A

When cell receives signal it can UP-REGULATION producing more receptors. = ↑ sensitive
The cell can desensitize it’self by DOWN-REGULATION reducing the number of receptors= less sensitive.

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8
Q

List similarities between the endocrine and nervous systems

A

Both act via receptors. Several chemicals acts as both neurotransmitters and hormones. Presence of neuroendocrine cells indicate association between town. Both hormones and neurotransmitters produce overlapping effects on same organ.

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9
Q

List the 2 main chemical classes of hormones and give examples of each

A

Steroid hormones

Non-steroid hormones (amino acid derivatives, peptide/proteins/glycoproteins)

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10
Q

Describe the chemical class of steroid hormones

A

Synthesized from cholesterol and is lipid soluable. Eg. Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol

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11
Q

Describe the chemical class of non-steriod hormones

A

Synthesized by amino acids. 1. Peptides: smaller proteins, growth hormone, oxytocin, glycoproteins.
2. Amino acid derivatives: Synthesized by modifying a single molecule of tyrosine or trytophan.
modifications of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan (produced by the thyroid gland

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12
Q

Describe the chemical class of non-steriod hormones

A

Synthesized by amino acids. 1. Peptides: smaller proteins, growth hormone, oxytocin, glycoproteins.
2. Amino acid derivatives: Synthesized by modifying a single molecule of tyrosine or trytophan.
modifications of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan (produced by the thyroid gland

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13
Q

Describe how non-steroid hormones stimulate their target cells

A

Non-steroid hormones: Hydrophillic they must bind to cell surface receptors. SECOND MESSENGER
They cannot pass through membrane, they bind to receptor proteins on the outter surface of the plasma membrane - G-protein.
1. First messenger binds to a fixed G protein-coupled receptor in the target cell.
2. The hormone receptor complex activates the G protein.
3. Activates G protein reacts with GTP which activates adenyl cyclase.
4. Adenly cyclase removes phosphates from ATP converting to cAMP (second messanger).
5. cAMP activates protein kinases.
6. Protein kinases activate specific intracellular enzymes.
7. The activated enzymes then influence celluar reactions thereby producing target cells response to the hormone.

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14
Q

List 4 ways of which hormones relationships with one another

A

Antagonistic: hormones have opposite effects
Additive: Hormones add together to increase effect
Permissive: First hormone needed for the second one to have effect.
Integrative: hormones have different by complimentary effects

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15
Q

Describe the anatomy of the hypothalamus and function

A

Hypothalamus is pea size, located within the skull at the base of brain. It is the major link between NS and endocrine system. Critical in maintaining homeostasis. Autonomic neurons control secretion of hormones from adrenal glands → sympathetic NS ( noepinephrine)
Functions include: production of hormones, regulation of eating and drinking, controls body temp, sleep cycles. Secrets, releases hormones that controls secretion from the pituitary gland, ANS control hormones from adrenal gland

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16
Q

List hormones produced by the hypothalamus, list target organ/s or tissue & state principal effects

A

(7) - Thyrotropic releasing hormone, corticotropin, gonadotropin, growth hormone, growth hormone inhibiting hormone, prolactin, prolactin inhibiting hormone

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17
Q

List hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland, list target organ/s or tissue & state principal effects

A

(6) Follicle-stimulating hormone: Ovaries, testes: growth of ovarian follicles secretion of estrogen. Male: sperm porduction.
Luteinizing hormone: Ovaries, testes: ovulation, testosterone producion.
Thyroid-stimulation hormone: thyroid secretion of thyroid hormone.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone: adrenal cortex growth, secretion of glucocotioids.
Prolactin: mammary glands: milk synthesis
Growth hormone: Liver, bone, cartilage, muscle fatL widespread

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18
Q

List hormones stored by the posterior pituitary gland, list target organ/s or tissue & state principal effects

A
Oxytocin (OXT) for uterine contractions
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) for water retention and blood volume.
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19
Q

Explain how pituitary secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus and target organs and exemplify using multiple examples

A

Hypothalamic control enables the brain to monitor conditions within and outside the body to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary horomes. Eg. Child birth: pressure on cervix → to hypothalamus release oxytocin → uterine contraction stimulates → more pressure of cervix.
MILK Secretion:(positive) baby crying stimulates hypothalamus → releases prolactin and oxytocin → milk production and ejection stimulated. Hypothalamus → releaseing hormone → pituitary gland → pituitary hormone → target organ → peripheral hormone = effect (negative feedback loop)

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20
Q

Describe the effects of growth hormone

A

Bone growth at epiphyseal plates during childhood and adolescence, GH induces livers to produce stimulants (insulin-like growth factors which then stimulate target cells → protein synthesis increases - boosts transcription of DNA → mRNA, amino acid uptake into cells, supresses protein catabolism → lipid metabolisim increaded providing energy for tissues → glycogenesis

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21
Q

Describe the the hypothalamus & pituitary gland & their relationship to each other

A

The pituitary gland recives communication from the hypothalmus directly, regulatory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus enter the hypophyseal portal system, this system efficiently transports hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

Pineal gland; state its location, list the hormone/s it produces and their effects

A

Location: near centre of the brain between the two hemispheres in the roof of the third ventricle.
Produces: Melatonin - setting of body rhythmic cycle.
Regulates reproduction and seasonal breeding (FSH, LH)

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23
Q

Thyroid gland; state its location, describe its structure, list hormones produced & their effects

A

Location curves across the anterior of the trachea. 2 different cell types regulate two different homeostatic process.
Basal metabolic rate: Aminoacid = Tyrosine produces into thyroxine T3 T4. Increases oxygen rate, breakdown of fat, heat production
Calcium levels: c cells produce calcitonin is released when blood calcium levels are too high (calci-tone-down)

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24
Q

Parathyroid gland; state its location, describe its structure, list hormones produced & their effects

A

Two pairs of parathyroid glands (4) are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Produce: parathyroid hormone which then signals to increase calcium via bone, kidney (cholesterol into vit D to make Ca+) not to pee out Ca+. Intestines, Increase calcium re absorption from intestine. Negative feedback loop: too much calcium = calcitonin ↓, deposits in bone and PTH ↑ Ca+ excretes in kidneys

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25
Q

Adrenal glands; state their location, describe its structure, list hormones produced & their effects

A

Located superior of each kidney, consists of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
Adrenal cortex produces corticosteriods.
3 layers:
Zona glomerulsoa: mineralcorticoids water retention and conservation + aldosterone.
Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids - Cortisol, increases blood glucose, stress regulation
Zona reticularis: gonadocorticoids - sex steroids

Adrenal Medulla: fight or flight ephinepine syampathetic reactions

26
Q

The pancreatic islets; state their location, describe their structure, list hormones produced & their effects

A

Located deep in the abdomen inferior to the stomach. It regulates blood glucose and contains exo/endocrine ducts.
Islets:
alpha - produce glucagon, increases blood glucose
beta - produce insulin: glucose uptake
delta - produce somatostatin: inhibits secretion

27
Q

The gonads; state their location, describe their structure, list hormones produced and their effects

A

Female: ovaries produce estrogen, progesterone, follcile stimulating secretion
Male: testes produce sperm and testosterone. Makes sex organs and accessory

28
Q

What gland may control biorhythms in some animals and control the onset of puberty in humans?

A

Pineal gland

29
Q

What gland stimulates metabolic rate and is essential to normal growth and development?

A

anterior thyroid

30
Q

In females what gland stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, stimulates growth of sex organs at puberty, & prompts preparation of uterus for pregnancy.

A

ovaries

31
Q

What gland is the major area where the nervous and endocrine systems interact?

A

Hypothalamus

32
Q

What gland controls blood glucose levels and determines the fate of glycogen?

A

Pancreas

33
Q

What gland gland initiates stress responses, increases heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolic rate, dilates blood vessels, mobilizes fat & raises blood sugar levels?

A

Adrenals

34
Q

What gland promotes production and maturation of white blood cells?

A

Thymus

35
Q

In males what gland stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, stimulates growth spurt at puberty, stimulates spermatogenesis.

A

Testes produces androgens

36
Q

What gland gland increases blood calcium level, stimulates calcium reabsorption and activates vitamin D.

A

parathyroid

37
Q

Substances that endocrine glands produce?

A

Hormones

38
Q

Hormone that helps regulate when you sleep at night and when you wake in the morning?

A

Melatonin

39
Q

Master gland, makes hormones that control several other endocrine gland?

A

Pituitary

40
Q

Hormones that reproductive glands produce for females

A

Progesterone

41
Q

The tissue acted on by a particular hormone is called?

A

target tissue

42
Q

Hormones made in the hypothalamus? 2

A

GHRH & TRH

43
Q

Blood Calcium is regulated by

A

parathyroid and thyroid gland

44
Q

Pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose levels is:

A

Insulin

45
Q

Four tiny glands that function together that release hormones that regulates calcium levels:

A

parathyroid

46
Q

Endocrine cells of the pancreas are known as the:

A

Islets of Langerhams

47
Q

Adrenal cortex produces this hormone that helps resist stressors and reduces pain

A

Cortisol

48
Q

Thyroxine is stimulated by what hormone?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone which is produced by pituitary

49
Q

Gland that produces melatonin

A

Pineal

50
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

51
Q

Causes milk ejection in nursing mothers and contractions during childbirth?

A

Oxycontin

52
Q

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex is

A

adrenocorticotroppin ACHT

53
Q

Hormone that increases blood pressure and inhibits urine production:

A

aldosterone

54
Q

Hormone that helps deposit calcium onto the bones

A

Calcitonin

55
Q

Pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose is

A

glucagon

56
Q

Adrenal glands are located above this major organ

A

kidney

57
Q

Produced in the adrenal cortex, regulates water and electrolyte balance

A

aldosterone

58
Q

Contains cells called the Islets of Langerhans

A

pancreas

59
Q

One of the two hormones made by the pituitary that helps regulate reproductive cells is luteinizing hormone. The other is

A

follicle stimulating hormone

60
Q

Within the islet of pancreas what do alpha, beta and delta cells produce?

A

Alpha Glucagon
Beta insulin
Delta: somatostatin (inhibits)