Week 1 Flashcards
hal
hale, sound, whole
Negative and Positive Health
Anne-Bowling (1991)
- Traditional
- Absence of disease, illness, or sickness
- Measures ill health or illness such as; Morbidity rates, mortality rates, & routinely collected statistics
Negative Health (Anne-Bowling)
- Not only the absence of disease but feelings of mental, physical well-being, full functioning, physical fitness, ability to cope, social support, adjustment, efficiency of mind and body.
- Measures: quality of life measurements, disability-adjusted life year (DALY), sickness impact profiles
Positive Health (Anne-Bowling)
Negative health measures:
Measures ill health or illness such as;
Morbidity rates
mortality rates
routinely collected statistics
Positive health measures
quality of life measurements
disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
sickness impact profiles
WHO in _____ described health
1948
Definition of Health according to WHO in 1948
“state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity ”
is a resource for everyday life, not the object of living, and is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities
health
They set the characteristics of individuals
WOOD AND PATRICK
Sets of characteristics of individuals
(FIDDDDH)
o Death
o Disease
o Impairment
o Functional limitation
o Discomfort
o Disability
o Handicap
Interconnections of the determinants of health
● gestational endowments
● social circumstances
● environmental conditions where people live and work
● behavioral choices
● the availability of quality medical care
COM
Latin - together
Latin - together
COM
MUNIS
Etruscan - to endow (provide)/ exchange of services
Etruscan - to endow (provide)/ exchange of services
MUNIS
is a group of people who form relationships over time by interacting regularly around shared experiences, which are of interest to all for varying individual reasons.
community
is a collective body of individuals identified by common characteristics such as geography, interests, experiences, concerns, or values.
Community
interacting organisms (people) sharing the same environment
Biology
a group of interacting people larger than a household living in a common location
Sociology
COMMUNITY:
They have common:
Resource
Intent
Beliefs
Risks
Preferences
Needs
COMMUNITY is composed of
People
Place
Identity
Common Culture
Social System
- interacting organism
People
- locality
Place
sense of belongingness, “we feeling”
identity (membership)
- share common knowledge, habits, customs, morals, and laws governing a place.
Common Culture
- interdependence of each member of the community. Each member has a unique function that contributes to the totality of the system.
Social System
Individual actions and decision-making that affect the health of an individual or their immediate family members or friends
Personal health
influenced by environment and socioeconomic level of people
Personal health
-powerful influence on (people’s competence and coping skills
Social status and income
Examples of Personal Health Activities:
Choosing to eat wisely
to regularly wear a safety belt
and to visit the physician
Field within PUBLIC HEALTH
Community Health
A discipline that is concerned for the betterment of health
Community health
Focus of community health
people in the same geographic areas
Ex.: neighborhood, city, county, or stat
Community health Includes:
private and public efforts of individuals, group or organizations
Purpose of community health
to promote, protect and preserve the health of those in the community
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE HEALTH OF A COMMUNITY
Physical Factors
Social and Cultural Factors
Community Organization
Individual Behaviors
Physical Factors
a. Geography
b. Environment
c. Community Size
d. Industrial Development
Social and Cultural Factors
Beliefs
Traditions
Prejudices
Economics
Religion
Politics
Social Norms
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
a. Ways in which communities Organize their resources
Community Organization
a. Takes the concerted effort of many - if not most - to make a community voluntary program work.
Individual Behaviors
PUBLIC HEALTH
● Science and Art
o Preventing Disease
o Prolonging Life
o Promoting Healthy Behaviors
PUBLIC HEALTH: Through
Organized Efforts
PUBLIC HEALTH: To
Informed communities
PUBLIC HEALTH: Purpose
Improve Quality of Life
Is the sum of all government efforts to promote, protects and preserve people’s health.
Public health
Public Health according to WHO
“The art of applying science in the context of politics so as to reduce the inequalities in health while ensuring the best health for the greatest number.”
“The art of applying science in the context of politics so as to reduce the inequalities in health while ensuring the best health for the greatest number.”
Public health
Core element of governments’ attempt to improve and promote the health and welfare of their citizens.
Public health
WHAT PUBLIC HEALTH DOES (in no order of priority)
Prevent epidemics and spread of disease
Protect against environmental hazards
Prevent injuries
Promote and encourage healthy behaviors
Respond to disasters and assist communities in recovery
Assure the quality and accessibility of health services
‘Assuring conditions in which people can be healthy
Public health’s mission
Organized col munity efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and the promotion of health.
Public health mission
HOW PUBLIC HEALTH DOES ITS WORK
Assessment
Policy Development
Assurance
• Monitor health
• Diagnose and Investigate
Assessment
• Inform, educate, empower
• Mobilize community partnerships
• Develop policies
Policy Development
Enforce laws
Link to/ Provide care
Assure competent workforce
Evaluate
Assurance
Goal of Public Health:
• Partner
• Protect
• Promote
• Prevent
• Provide
PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION
Focus -
prevent rather than treat a disease
PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION
Through -
surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviors
Examples of Public Health Measures:
o Promote Hand Washing
o Vaccination Programs
o Distribution of condom
Evidence of community health practices in earliest civilizations
Northern India: bathrooms and sewers
Sumerian clay tablet
Code of Hammurabi
: bathrooms and sewers
(Drain or pipe)
Northern India
earliest written record of public health was the _____________; included laws for physicians and health practices.
Code of Hammurabi
: prescription drugs
Sumerian clay tablet
MIDDLE AGES date
(500 to 1500 A.D.)
Middle Ages:
● Little progress in public or community health
● Spiritual era, beliefs
● Epidemics of communicable diseases common
time referred to as the spiritual era of public health.
Middle Ages
Period of Renaissance and Exploration
date
(1500 – 1700 AD)
Renewed interest in causes and cures of diseases caused by environmental and not spiritual factors
Renaissance and Exploration
Rebirth of thinking about the nature of world and humankind.
Renaissance
Belief that disease was caused by environmental, not spiritual, factors;
Renaissance and Exploration
Industrial Growth
18th Century
Period of industrial growth and poor sanitary conditions, epidemics of cholera, yellow fever and smallpox (Europe and America)
18th century
Cities Overcrowded - water supplies inadequate and garbage
18th century
Workplace unsafe and unhealthy
Such as fire hazards or improper garbage disposal
18th century
Beginning of the modern era of public health
19th century
Miasma Theory
19th century
Bacteriologic Period of public health (1875-1900)
19th century
Scientists - describe a cause of disease and discovered a great number of bacterial disease agents of communicable diseases
o Louis Pasteur
o Robert Koch
19th century
” which postulated vapors, or miasmas, were the source of many diseases.”
miasmas theory
Modern era of public health the era of public health that began in 1850 and continues today
19th century
of France proposed his germ theory of disease.
disproved spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
who develoded the criteria and procedures necessary to establish that a particular microbe, and no other, causes a particular disease.
Robert Koch
This period (_________) has come to be known as the bacteriological period of public health.
1875–1900 (19th century)
4 parts of 20th century
Reform Period
Great Depression
WWII
Postwar Years
Health resources development period (__________)
20th century (1900-1960)
Period of social engineering ( _______)
1960-1975 (20th century)
- government health insurance for older adults disabilities
Medicare
government health insurance for the poor
Medicaid
Health Promotion Period ( ________)
(1975-1990)
Community Health in the ______ and early ______
1990s and early 2000
6 serious challenges: HELCAT
- Improvement of health care delivery
- Solutions on environmental problems
- Preventing lifestyle diseases
- Increasing communicable diseases: AIDS, tuberculosis, viral diseases
- Increasing number of alcohol and drug abuse cases
- Terrorism
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Vaccination
Motor Vehicle Safety
Safer Workplaces
Control of Infectious Diseases
Decline in deaths from Coronary disease/ stroke
Safer and Healthier Foods
Healthier Mothers and Babies
Family Planning
Fluoridation of Drinking Water
Recognition of Tobacco Use as Health Hazard
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT 20 TH CENTURY
● Increase in life expectancy
● World-wide reduction - in infant and child mortality
● Elimination or reduction communicable diseases
OUTLOOK FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH IN THE 21 ST CENTURY
Healthy Future for All
Challenges in 21st Century
o Greatly reduce the burden of excess morbidity and mortality suffered by the poor
o Countering potential threat to health resulting from economic crises, unhealthy environments or risky behaviors
o Developing more effective systems
o Expand the knowledge base
Medical Schools, hospitals and nursing schools
Health resources development period (1900-1960)
Social Concerns.
Congress passed legislation regulating food and other industries
Reform Period (1900-1920)
– decline in alcohol related health problems (prohibition)
1920 (Reform period)
o Social Security Act of 1935
o National Cancer Institute (1937
Great Depression (1929-1935)
resulted in a number of medical advances
WWII
hospital construction resumed
Post war years
Community health priorities failed
Polio Vaccine
Pres. Eisenhower’s heart attack
Post war years
o Government improved access to health care
Period of social engineering (1960-1975)
Medicare
Medicaid
Period of social engineering (1960-1975)
