ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD PART 1 Flashcards
is the study and management of environmental conditions that affect our health and well-being
Environmental health hazards
, on the other hand, are those factors or conditions in the environment that increase the risk of human injury disease or death
Environmental hazards
comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, chemical, biologic, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment.”
Environmental health
any external factor that negatively affects your health can be considered an
environmental health hazard
In developing countries with large ____ populations, people continue to suffer from traditional risks
• (unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and hygiene, and indoor smoke from domestic cooking and heating)
rural
In developing countries with large____ populations and more industry, people are exposed to additional environmental risks
• (including exposure to urban, industrial and agrochemical pollution, as well as industrial accidents)
urban
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS
• Land and climate related hazards
• Atmospheric hazards
• Water related hazards
• Food Borne hazards
• Vector Borne Hazards
• Domestic Hazards
• Occupational Hazards
• Infrastructural hazards
A. LAND & CLIMATE RELATED HAZARDS
•: Common in both lowland coastal and inland areas, especially in tropics and monsoon areas
Floods
homes flooded because of hurricanes were contaminated with high levels of___ that led to respiratory problems.
mold
that release large quantities of ash into the atmosphere are responsible for the acute respiratory symptoms commonly reported by people during and after ash falls including nasal irritation and discharge like
runny noses
throat irritation and sore throat
coughing and
uncomfortable breathing
volcanic eruptions
Flooding from hurricanes or other causes can produce numbers of mosquitoes resulting in outbreaks of vector-borne diseases including_____ and ______
encephalitis and malaria.
Increasing problem in many urban areas due to road traffic;
Also associated with old, heavy and manufacturing industries and mining wind blown dust also a significant problem in some areas
Outdoor Pollution /Air
is the contamination of the air by substances like gasses, liquids, or solids, and amounts great enough to harm humans, the environment or our climate.
outdoor pollution or air pollution
include dust storms forest fires and volcanic eruptions
Natural sources
Human sources can be divided into
(ex.motor vehicles) and
(ex. power plants and factories)
mobile sources
stationary sources
United States, major sources of outdoor pollution are:
Transportation
Electric power plants
Industry
small sources of outdoor pollution:
Wood and coal
burning stoves
fireplaces
dry cleaning facilities
and waste incinerators
includes those animating directly from the sources listed previously and they include
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
sulfur dioxide
nitrogen oxides
hydrocarbons suspended particulates
Primary pollutants
are formed when primary pollutants reacted with one another or with other atmospheric components to form new harmful chemicals
Secondary pollutants
include:
nitrogen dioxide
nitric acid
nitrate salts
sulfur trioxide
sulfate salts
sulfuric acid
peroxy acyl nitrates
Ozone
Secondary pollutants
Since sunlight promotes the formation of the secondary pollutants, the resulting smog is referred to as
photochemical smog or the brown smog.
Smog formed primarily by sulfur dioxide and suspended particulates
industrial smog or gray smog
It represents the single most dangerous air pollutant and breathing ozone can result in variety of health problems even at low levels including chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, congestion, bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and reduced lung function
Ozone (03)
• It can be solid or liquid form.
The major sources comes from come from the industrial processes, stationary fuel combustion, transportation, and solid waste
Particulate Matter (PM)
This is in the glass form and the major sources come from the transportation, industrial processes, other solid waste, and stationary fuel combustion
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
This is in gas form as well and the major source comes from the stationary fuel combustion, transportation, industrial processes, and solid waste.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
It is in gas form and the major sources comes from the stationary fuel combustion, industrial processes,
transportation, and other waste
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
• This is in metal or aerosol form.
Maior sources come from the transportation, industrial processes, stationary fuel combustion, and solid waste.
Lead (Pb)
NAAQS or the
National Ambient Air Quality Standard
EPA or the
Environmental Protection Agency
These are the compounds that exist as vapors over the not normal range of air pressures and temperatures
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
a pungent water soluble gas as one of the most ubiquitous VOCs
Formaldehyde
Water in streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs is called
surface water
The water that infiltrates the soil is referred to as
Subsurface water or groundwater
Groundwater that is not absorbed by the roots of vegetation moves slowly downwards until it reaches the zone of the soil completely saturated with water referred to as
aquifer
are porous water-saturated layers of underground bedrock sand and gravel that can yield economically significant amounts of water.
aquifers
The earth’s supplies of fresh water available for our use is limited, only________ of the earth’s water is available for the use by humans and much of this is hard to reach and too costly to be of practical value.
0.003%
Consumption of polluted water can result in outbreaks such as waterborne diseases such as
cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, and other gastrointestinal diseases
Waterborne diseases are responsible for ______ deaths every year
11.5 million
In 2010 more than______ of the world’s population lived without sanitation.
one-third
of the population had no access to clean drinking water.
11%
Common pollutants of area rivers, streams, bayous, lakes, ponds, estuaries, and bays include:
Fertilizer
Mercury
Herbicides/ Insecticides
Oil and other chemicals
Water pollution includes any physical or chemical change in water that can harm living organisms or unfit for uses such as:
Drinking
Domestic use
Recreational fishing
Industry
Agriculture
Transportation
Source of water pollution
• Refers to a single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into the water such as the pipe, ditch or culvert.
Point sources
Source of water pollution
• Includes all pollution that occurs through the runoff seepage or falling of pollutants into the water.
Non-point sources
Release of pollutants in the factory
Sewage treatment plant
Point sources
• Run-off water from cities, highways, and farms resulting from rain events or called stormwater runoff
• Seepage of leachates from landfills and acid rain
Non-point sources
is a greater problem than the point source pollution: because of the often difficult track and the actual source of the pollution and therefore to control it.
Non-point source pollution
TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS
• Pathogen, parasites, bacterias, or undesirable living organisms
Biological
Waterborne viral agents and the disease they cause include:
• Polymialities
• Virus/ polio
• Hepatitis A
Waterborne bacteria and the disease they cause:
- causes gastroenteritis
- causes legionellosis salmonella typhi-Thyroid fever
- cause shigellosis or bacilliary dysentery
- that causes cholera
Coli
Legionella
Shigella species
vibrio cholerae
Waterborne parasites
- causes amid biases or amid dysentery
- causes giardiasis
- causes cryptosporidiosis
• entamoeba histolytica
• Giardia duodenalis
• Cryptosporidium carbon
Types of water pollutants
• Non-viable or non-living hazardous materials such as chemicals.
Non-biological
TWO TYPES OF POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN WATERWAYS:
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
Pharmaceutical and personal care products
• Interfere in some way with our body’s endocrine or hormones system
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
• Synthetic chemicals found in everyday consumer healthcare
products and cosmetics
Pharmaceutical and personal care products
• Surface water and drinking water are regulated by two laws:
Clean Water Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
Where in adequate Cooking temperatures or improper holding temperature for food Especially for bacterial Outbreaks and sanitarv conditions or practices at the point of service such as failure to wash hands, Drinking raw or Unpasteurized milk That Possess bacterial outbreak.
Foodborne disease Outbreak
- pesticides that kills the plants
Herbicides
- pesticides that kills insects
Insecticide
is a living organism, usually insects or other arthropod which transmits microscopic diseases to susceptible hosts.
Vector
Mosquitos
Fleas
Ticks
Vector
Dracunculiasis, schistosomiasis
Water related vectors
• Toxoplasmosis, bubonic plague
Animal related vectors
Sleeping sickness, bubonic plague, malaria, dengue, filariasis
Arthropod related vectors
