PREVENTION & CONTROL OF DISEASE & HEALTH CONDITIONS Flashcards by Kyra Catedral

○ kidney disease, heart disease,
respiratory infection, and so on

Organ System

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○ these are the factors that caused the disease of the infection, which can be
divided into three (3) subclassifications:

Causative Agent

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three (3) subclassifications of CAUSATIVE AGENTS:

■ Biological Agents
■ Chemical Agents
■ Physical Agents

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Examples of Biological Agents

Viruses
Riecketssiae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Metazoa

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Examples of Chemical Agents

Pesticides
FOod Additives
Pharmacologics
Industrial chemicals
Air pollutants
Cigarette smoke

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Examples of Physical Agents

Heat
Light
Noise
Radiation
Vibration
Speeding objects

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○ “Infectious diseases

Communicable

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caused by pathogenic agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) which can be transmitted from an infected host to a non-infected but susceptible host

Communicable

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caused by pathogenic agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) which can be transmitted from an infected host to a non-infected but susceptible host

Communicable

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Measles infection, flu,
COVID-19

Communicable

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○ “Lifestyle diseases”

Non-communicable

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cannot be transmitted from a diseased host to a susceptible one

Non-communicable

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Cardiovascular diseases
congestive heart disease
chronic kidney disease
cancer
COPD

Non-communicable

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Diseases are classified by their duration of symptoms

ACUTE VS. CHRONIC DISEASES AND ILLNESSES

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Duration of Acute Diseases

3 months or less

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Peak severity of symptoms occur & subsides within 3 months or sooner

ACUTE DISEASES

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Duration of Chronic Diseases

More than 3 months

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Recovery is slow and often incomplete

CHRONIC DISEASE

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These diseases can either be communicable of
non-communicable

CHRONIC DISEASES

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common cold
pneumonia
mumps
measles
pertussis
typhoid fever
cholera

Acute communicable

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appendicitis
poisoning
injury ( vehicle crash, fire, gunshot, etc.)

Acute noncommunicable

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AIDS
Lyme disease
tuberculosis
syphilis
rheumatic fever - streptococcal infection
hepatitis B

Chronic communicable

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AIDS
Lyme disease
tuberculosis
syphilis
rheumatic fever - streptococcal infection
hepatitis B

Chronic communicable

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Diabetes
coronary heart disease
osteoarthritis
cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism

Chronic noncommunicable

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refers to the ability of a biological agent to lodge and grow in a host

infectivity

refers to an infectious disease agent’s ability to produce disease

Pathogenicity

has three (3) factors to sum up the minimal requirements for the occurrence and spread of communicable diseases in the population

Simplified Communicable Disease Model

Simplified Communicable Disease Model ○ These three (3) factors seem to sum up the minimal requirements for the occurrence and spread of communicable diseases in the population

Agent Host Environment

must be present in order for disease to occur

AGENT:

any susceptible organism or a single-celled organism (a plant, animal, or humans) invaded by an infectious agent

HOST:

includes all other factors such as physical, biological, or social that inhibit or promote disease

ENVIRONMENT:

: Influenza must be present for a person to become ill with influenza (agent is the flu virus)

AGENT

“Communicable disease transmission is a complicated but well-studied process that is best understood through a conceptual model known as the

chain of infection.

Pathogen Reservoir Portal of exit Transmission Portal of entry Establishment of disease in new host

disease-producing agent such as the bacteria, virus, fungi, or a parasite, which leaves its reservoir

PATHOGEN:

through the mouth, nasal passages, and nose; where pathogens escape from its reservoir

PORTAL OF EXIT:

fecal-oral route, droplet or airborne

TRANSMISSION:

seen in a susceptible host; the way the pathogenic agent will be able to establish disease in the susceptible host

PORTAL OF ENTRY:

implies the immediate transfer of the disease agent between the infected and susceptible individuals by direct contact “such as touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, or by direct projection (droplet spread) of droplet spray onto the conjunctiva or onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing or talking (usually limited to a distance of one meter or less).”

Direct transmission

Examples of diseases for which transmission is usually ______ are AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, rabies, and the common cold.

direct

may be one of three types—airborne, vehicle-borne, or vectorborne.

Indirect transmission

is the dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry, usually the respiratory tract. These particles may remain suspended and infective for long periods of time.

Airborne transmission

Tuberculosis, influenza, histoplasmosis and legionellosis are examples of

airborne diseases

contaminated materials or objects (fomites) serve as ______—nonliving objects by which communicable agents are transferred to a susceptible host.

vehicle-borne transmission

is the transfer of disease by a living organism such as a mosquito, fly, or tick.

Vectorborne transmission

Transmission may be _________, via the contaminated mouth parts or feet of the vector, or biological, which involves multiplication or developmental changes of the agent in the vector before transmission occurs.

mechanical

In _________, multiplication and development of the disease organism usually do not.

mechanical transmission

While communicable diseases remain an important concern for communities, certain non-communicable diseases such as ______, ______, and _______ now rank high among the nation’s leading causes of death.

heart disease, stroke, and cancer

The complex ideologies or causes of many of the non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease are best illustrated by the

multi-causation disease model

PHILIPPINES = 4 major non-communicable diseases:

● Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) ● Cancer ● Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) ● Diabetes Mellitus

4 Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)

○ Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) ○ Atherosclerosis ○ Hypertension ○ Cerebrovascular accidents

**○ Number 1 killer of Americans** ○ happens when there is depletion of oxygen in the heart due to an embolus, thrombus, or atherosclerosis

Coronary Heart disease

○ Cerebrovascular disease **○ 3rd leading cause of death** ○ Blood supply to brain is interrupted ○ “Heart attack of the brain”

Stroke

**○ 2nd cause of death**

Cancer

Common cancer sites:

Lungs, breast, prostate but can occur in other sites

Cancers can be found anywhere in the body, but here in the Philippines, the number one cause of death in both males and females is the

lungs

**○ 4th leading cause of death**

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

patients usually have a chronic cough; the ones who are usually smoking; lived in factories or exposed in particle emissions

COPD

**○ 7th leading cause of death**

Diabetes-Type II

a hormonal problem, especially with the dysregulation of insulin

Diabetes-Type II

**○ 10th leading cause** ○ patients succumb to alcoholism

Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis

PRIORITIZING PREVENTION AND CONTROL EFFORTS:

Leading causes of death Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) Economic cost to society

PRIORITIZING PREVENTION AND CONTROL EFFORTS:

Leading causes of death Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) Economic cost to society

Leading causes of death ● most common way people prioritize health problems ● The U. S. spends 66.5% of its health care budget on the four leading causes of death

Leading causes of death

● measurement that emphasizes the importance of those diseases that kill people of all ages

Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

● Evaluate the impact of a particular disease or health problem; to estimate the economic cost to the country or community

Economic cost to society

Cost of treatment, Loss of productivity, cost of law enforcement, courts, jails, and social work

Economic cost to society

taking action to prevent or delay the onset of illness or injury before-pathogenesis occur

Prevention

○ taking action to control a disease in progress

Intervention

○ means containment of a disease ○ can include both prevention and intervention measures ○ stopping the disease from having more complications or even from spreading

Control

○ uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the human population ■ Example: Smallpox;

Eradication

○ Prevent or forestall (delay)the occurrence ○ Vaccine immunizations ○ Diet, Exercise ○ Hygiene

Primary prevention

the purpose of primary prevention is to forestall the onset of illness or injury during the pre-pathogenesis period before even the disease process begins lifestyle changes and hygiene

Primary prevention

○ early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe ○ Health screenings ○ Diabetes (FBS, HBA1c) ○ Breast self-exam

Secondary prevention

the goal of these screenings is not to prevent the onset of the seeds but rather to detect its presence during early pathogenesis thus permitting early intervention or treatment and limiting disability for example health screenings such as the RE for PSA diabetes screening now a person should undergo FBS hba1c at a certain age breast health examination for breast cancer and there are different and many types of health cleanings

Secondary prevention

○ Retrain, re-educate, rehabilitate patient who has the disability ○ Stroke patients

Tertiary prevention

for example those stroke patients so stroke patients would suffer numbness or weakness in the body part so they cannot walk so we do the tertiary prevention so that we could prevent the atrophy or the weakening of the muscles or the decrease in the muscle fiber so through rehabilitation the person will undergo physical therapy so that the person who suffered stroke will not be would not suffer more especially with regards to their quality of life

Tertiary prevention

○ Immunization ○ Chlorination of water supply ○ Proper waste disposal ○ Use of condoms ○ Control of vectors ○ Hygiene and sanitation

Primary

○ Isolation ○ Surveillance ○ Quarantine ○ Drug treatment

Secondary

○ Control for the individual ○ Convalescence

Tertiary

○ Pasteurization ○ Chlorination ○ Antibiotics ○ Antivirals ○ Disinfectants

PATHOGEN

○ Isolation ○ Surveillance ○ Quarantine ○ Drug treatment

HUMAN RESERVOIR

○ Gowns ○ Masks ○ Condoms ○ Hair nets ○ Insect repellents

PORTAL OF EXIT

○ Isolation ○ Hand washing ○ Vector control ○ Sanitary engineering

TRANSMISSION

○ Masks ○ Condoms’safetty glasses ○ Insect repellents

PORTAL OF ENTRY

○ Immunizations ○ Health education ○ Nutrition promotion ○ Sexual abstinence

ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST

○ Immunizations ○ Health education ○ Nutrition promotion ○ Sexual abstinence

ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST

○ Immunizations ○ Health education ○ Nutrition promotion ○ Sexual abstinence

ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST

○ Immunizations ○ Health education ○ Nutrition promotion ○ Sexual abstinence

ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST

PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ● Primary ○ Adequate food and energy supplies ○ Education ○ Employment ○ Housing ○ Efficient community ○ Services

PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ○ Adequate food and energy supplies ○ Education ○ Employment ○ Housing ○ Efficient community ○ Services

● Primary

PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ○ Health screening (mass/self-examination) ○ Case-finding measures ○ Provision of health services

Secondary

PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ○ Ambulance services ○ Hospitals ○ Physicians and surgeons ○ Nurses and other allied health professionals

Tertiary

APPLICATION OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE ● Prevention ○ Restrict smoking areas ○ Health screening ○ Areas for recreation and exercise ○ Promote sound nutrition the role of the _______ is to recognize the importance of preventing chronic diseases

COMMUNITY

APPLICATION OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE ● Unmodifiable Risk factors (genes): ○ Race ○ Gender ○ personality type ○ Age ○ basic metabolic rate

INDIVIDUAL

these are risk factors that we cannot modify we cannot change because it is already encoded in our genes these are already inherited from our parents

unmodifiable risk factors

risk factors that we can change these are risk factors that are seen in the environment or in the behavior of a person

Modifiable Risk factors (environmental & behavioral) ○ Smoking ○ Diet ○ Lack of exercise

risk factors that we can change these are risk factors that are seen in the environment or in the behavior of a person

Modifiable Risk factors (environmental & behavioral) ○ Smoking ○ Diet ○ Lack of exercise