PREVENTION & CONTROL OF DISEASE & HEALTH CONDITIONS Flashcards
○ kidney disease, heart disease,
respiratory infection, and so on
Organ System
○ these are the factors that caused the disease of the infection, which can be
divided into three (3) subclassifications:
Causative Agent
three (3) subclassifications of CAUSATIVE AGENTS:
■ Biological Agents
■ Chemical Agents
■ Physical Agents
Examples of Biological Agents
Viruses
Riecketssiae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Metazoa
Examples of Chemical Agents
Pesticides
FOod Additives
Pharmacologics
Industrial chemicals
Air pollutants
Cigarette smoke
Examples of Physical Agents
Heat
Light
Noise
Radiation
Vibration
Speeding objects
○ “Infectious diseases
Communicable
caused by pathogenic agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) which can be transmitted from an infected host to a non-infected but susceptible host
Communicable
caused by pathogenic agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) which can be transmitted from an infected host to a non-infected but susceptible host
Communicable
Measles infection, flu,
COVID-19
Communicable
○ “Lifestyle diseases”
Non-communicable
cannot be transmitted from a diseased host to a susceptible one
Non-communicable
Cardiovascular diseases
congestive heart disease
chronic kidney disease
cancer
COPD
Non-communicable
Diseases are classified by their duration of symptoms
ACUTE VS. CHRONIC DISEASES AND ILLNESSES
Duration of Acute Diseases
3 months or less
Peak severity of symptoms occur & subsides within 3 months or sooner
ACUTE DISEASES
Duration of Chronic Diseases
More than 3 months
Recovery is slow and often incomplete
CHRONIC DISEASE
These diseases can either be communicable of
non-communicable
CHRONIC DISEASES
common cold
pneumonia
mumps
measles
pertussis
typhoid fever
cholera
Acute communicable
appendicitis
poisoning
injury ( vehicle crash, fire, gunshot, etc.)
Acute noncommunicable
AIDS
Lyme disease
tuberculosis
syphilis
rheumatic fever - streptococcal infection
hepatitis B
Chronic communicable
AIDS
Lyme disease
tuberculosis
syphilis
rheumatic fever - streptococcal infection
hepatitis B
Chronic communicable
Diabetes
coronary heart disease
osteoarthritis
cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism
Chronic noncommunicable
refers to the ability of a biological
agent to lodge and grow in a host
infectivity
refers to an infectious disease
agent’s ability to produce disease
Pathogenicity
has three (3) factors to sum up
the minimal requirements for the
occurrence and spread of communicable diseases in the population
Simplified Communicable Disease Model
Simplified Communicable Disease Model
○ These three (3) factors seem to sum up the minimal requirements for the
occurrence and spread of communicable diseases in the population
Agent
Host
Environment
must be present in order for disease to occur
AGENT:
any susceptible
organism or a single-celled
organism (a plant, animal, or
humans) invaded by an
infectious agent
HOST:
includes all other factors such as physical, biological, or social that inhibit or promote disease
ENVIRONMENT:
: Influenza
must be present for a
person to become ill
with influenza (agent is
the flu virus)
AGENT
“Communicable disease transmission is a complicated
but well-studied process that is best understood through a
conceptual model known as the
chain of infection.
chain of infection.
Pathogen
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Transmission
Portal of entry
Establishment of disease in new host
disease-producing agent such as
the bacteria, virus, fungi, or a parasite, which
leaves its reservoir
PATHOGEN:
through the mouth, nasal
passages, and nose; where pathogens escape
from its reservoir
PORTAL OF EXIT:
fecal-oral route, droplet or
airborne
TRANSMISSION:
seen in a susceptible host;
the way the pathogenic agent will be able to
establish disease in the susceptible host
PORTAL OF ENTRY:
implies the immediate
transfer of the disease agent between the infected and susceptible individuals by direct
contact “such as touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, or by direct projection (droplet spread) of droplet spray onto the conjunctiva or onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or
mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing or talking (usually limited to a distance of one meter or less).”
Direct transmission
implies the immediate
transfer of the disease agent between the infected and susceptible individuals by direct
contact “such as touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, or by direct projection (droplet spread) of droplet spray onto the conjunctiva or onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or
mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing or talking (usually limited to a distance of one meter or less).”
Direct transmission
Examples of diseases for
which transmission is usually ______ are AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, rabies, and the common cold.
direct
may be one of three
types—airborne, vehicle-borne, or vectorborne.
Indirect transmission
is the
dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry, usually the respiratory tract. These particles may remain suspended and infective for long
periods of time.
Airborne transmission
Tuberculosis, influenza,
histoplasmosis and legionellosis are examples of
airborne diseases
contaminated materials or objects (fomites) serve as ______—nonliving objects by which communicable agents
are transferred to a susceptible host.
vehicle-borne transmission
is the transfer of disease by a living organism such as a mosquito, fly, or tick.
Vectorborne transmission
Transmission may be _________, via the contaminated mouth parts or feet of the vector, or biological, which involves
multiplication or developmental changes of the agent in the vector before transmission occurs.
mechanical
In _________, multiplication and
development of the disease organism usually do not.
mechanical transmission
While communicable diseases remain an important concern for communities, certain non-communicable diseases such as ______, ______, and _______ now rank high among the nation’s leading causes of death.
heart disease, stroke, and cancer
The complex ideologies or causes of many of the non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease are best illustrated by the
multi-causation disease model
PHILIPPINES = 4 major non-communicable diseases:
● Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
● Cancer
● Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
● Diabetes Mellitus
4 Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
○ Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
○ Atherosclerosis
○ Hypertension
○ Cerebrovascular accidents
○ Number 1 killer of Americans
○ happens when there is depletion of oxygen in the heart due to an embolus, thrombus, or atherosclerosis
Coronary Heart disease
○ Cerebrovascular disease
○ 3rd leading cause of death
○ Blood supply to brain is interrupted
○ “Heart attack of the brain”
Stroke
○ 2nd cause of death
Cancer
Common cancer sites:
Lungs, breast, prostate but can occur in other sites
Cancers can be found anywhere in the body, but here in the Philippines, the number one cause of death in both males and females is the
lungs
○ 4th leading cause of death
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
patients usually have a chronic
cough; the ones who are usually
smoking; lived in factories or exposed in
particle emissions
COPD
○ 7th leading cause of death
Diabetes-Type II
a hormonal problem, especially with the dysregulation of insulin
Diabetes-Type II
○ 10th leading cause
○ patients succumb to alcoholism
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
PRIORITIZING PREVENTION AND CONTROL EFFORTS:
Leading causes of death
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)
Economic cost to society
PRIORITIZING PREVENTION AND CONTROL EFFORTS:
Leading causes of death
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)
Economic cost to society
Leading causes of death
● most common way people prioritize health problems
● The U. S. spends 66.5% of its health care budget on the four leading causes of death
Leading causes of death
● measurement that emphasizes the importance of those diseases that kill people of all ages
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)
● Evaluate the impact of a particular disease or health problem; to estimate the economic cost to the country or community
Economic cost to society
Cost of treatment,
Loss of productivity, cost of law
enforcement, courts, jails, and
social work
Economic cost to society
taking action to prevent or delay the onset of illness or injury before-pathogenesis occur
Prevention
○ taking action to control a disease in
progress
Intervention
○ means containment of a disease
○ can include both prevention and
intervention measures
○ stopping the disease from having more
complications or even from spreading
Control
○ uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the human population
■ Example: Smallpox;
Eradication
○ Prevent or forestall (delay)the
occurrence
○ Vaccine immunizations
○ Diet, Exercise
○ Hygiene
Primary prevention
the purpose of primary prevention is to forestall
the onset of illness or injury during the
pre-pathogenesis period before even the disease
process begins lifestyle changes and hygiene
Primary prevention
○ early diagnosis and prompt treatment of
a disease before the disease becomes
advanced and disability becomes severe
○ Health screenings
○ Diabetes (FBS, HBA1c)
○ Breast self-exam
Secondary prevention
the goal of these screenings is not to prevent the
onset of the seeds but rather to detect its
presence during early pathogenesis thus
permitting early intervention or treatment and
limiting disability for example health screenings
such as the RE for PSA diabetes screening now
a person should undergo FBS hba1c at a certain
age breast health examination for breast cancer
and there are different and many types of health
cleanings
Secondary prevention
○ Retrain, re-educate, rehabilitate patient who has the disability
○ Stroke patients
Tertiary prevention
for example those stroke patients so stroke patients would suffer numbness or weakness in
the body part so they cannot walk so we do the tertiary prevention so that we could prevent the atrophy or the weakening of the muscles or the decrease in the muscle fiber so through
rehabilitation the person will undergo physical therapy so that the person who suffered stroke
will not be would not suffer more especially with regards to their quality of life
Tertiary prevention
○ Immunization
○ Chlorination of water supply
○ Proper waste disposal
○ Use of condoms
○ Control of vectors
○ Hygiene and sanitation
Primary
○ Isolation
○ Surveillance
○ Quarantine
○ Drug treatment
Secondary
○ Control for the individual
○ Convalescence
Tertiary
○ Pasteurization
○ Chlorination
○ Antibiotics
○ Antivirals
○ Disinfectants
PATHOGEN
○ Isolation
○ Surveillance
○ Quarantine
○ Drug treatment
HUMAN RESERVOIR
○ Gowns
○ Masks
○ Condoms
○ Hair nets
○ Insect repellents
PORTAL OF EXIT
○ Isolation
○ Hand washing
○ Vector control
○ Sanitary engineering
TRANSMISSION
○ Masks
○ Condoms’safetty glasses
○ Insect repellents
PORTAL OF ENTRY
○ Immunizations
○ Health education
○ Nutrition promotion
○ Sexual abstinence
ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST
○ Immunizations
○ Health education
○ Nutrition promotion
○ Sexual abstinence
ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST
○ Immunizations
○ Health education
○ Nutrition promotion
○ Sexual abstinence
ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST
○ Immunizations
○ Health education
○ Nutrition promotion
○ Sexual abstinence
ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST
PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
● Primary
○ Adequate food and energy supplies
○ Education
○ Employment
○ Housing
○ Efficient community
○ Services
PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
○ Adequate food and energy supplies
○ Education
○ Employment
○ Housing
○ Efficient community
○ Services
● Primary
PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
○ Health screening
(mass/self-examination)
○ Case-finding measures
○ Provision of health services
Secondary
PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
○ Ambulance services
○ Hospitals
○ Physicians and surgeons
○ Nurses and other allied health
professionals
Tertiary
APPLICATION OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR
THE CONTROL OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
● Prevention
○ Restrict smoking areas
○ Health screening
○ Areas for recreation and exercise
○ Promote sound nutrition
the role of the _______ is to recognize the importance of preventing chronic diseases
COMMUNITY
APPLICATION OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR
THE CONTROL OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
● Unmodifiable Risk factors (genes):
○ Race
○ Gender
○ personality type
○ Age
○ basic metabolic rate
INDIVIDUAL
these are risk factors that we cannot modify we cannot change
because it is already encoded in our genes these are already inherited from our parents
unmodifiable risk factors
risk factors that we can change these are risk factors that are seen in the environment or in the
behavior of a person
Modifiable Risk factors (environmental & behavioral)
○ Smoking
○ Diet
○ Lack of exercise
risk factors that we can change these are risk
factors that are seen in the environment or in the
behavior of a person
Modifiable Risk factors (environmental & behavioral)
○ Smoking
○ Diet
○ Lack of exercise
