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CPH > PREVENTION & CONTROL OF DISEASE & HEALTH CONDITIONS > Flashcards

PREVENTION & CONTROL OF DISEASE & HEALTH CONDITIONS Flashcards

1
Q

○ kidney disease, heart disease,
respiratory infection, and so on

A

Organ System

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2
Q

○ these are the factors that caused the disease of the infection, which can be
divided into three (3) subclassifications:

A

Causative Agent

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3
Q

three (3) subclassifications of CAUSATIVE AGENTS:

A

■ Biological Agents
■ Chemical Agents
■ Physical Agents

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4
Q

Examples of Biological Agents

A

Viruses
Riecketssiae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Metazoa

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5
Q

Examples of Chemical Agents

A

Pesticides
FOod Additives
Pharmacologics
Industrial chemicals
Air pollutants
Cigarette smoke

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6
Q

Examples of Physical Agents

A

Heat
Light
Noise
Radiation
Vibration
Speeding objects

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7
Q

○ “Infectious diseases

A

Communicable

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8
Q

caused by pathogenic agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) which can be transmitted from an infected host to a non-infected but susceptible host

A

Communicable

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9
Q

caused by pathogenic agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) which can be transmitted from an infected host to a non-infected but susceptible host

A

Communicable

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10
Q

Measles infection, flu,
COVID-19

A

Communicable

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11
Q

○ “Lifestyle diseases”

A

Non-communicable

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12
Q

cannot be transmitted from a diseased host to a susceptible one

A

Non-communicable

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13
Q

Cardiovascular diseases
congestive heart disease
chronic kidney disease
cancer
COPD

A

Non-communicable

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14
Q

Diseases are classified by their duration of symptoms

A

ACUTE VS. CHRONIC DISEASES AND ILLNESSES

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15
Q

Duration of Acute Diseases

A

3 months or less

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16
Q

Peak severity of symptoms occur & subsides within 3 months or sooner

A

ACUTE DISEASES

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17
Q

Duration of Chronic Diseases

A

More than 3 months

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18
Q

Recovery is slow and often incomplete

A

CHRONIC DISEASE

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19
Q

These diseases can either be communicable of
non-communicable

A

CHRONIC DISEASES

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20
Q

common cold
pneumonia
mumps
measles
pertussis
typhoid fever
cholera

A

Acute communicable

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21
Q

appendicitis
poisoning
injury ( vehicle crash, fire, gunshot, etc.)

A

Acute noncommunicable

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22
Q

AIDS
Lyme disease
tuberculosis
syphilis
rheumatic fever - streptococcal infection
hepatitis B

A

Chronic communicable

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23
Q

AIDS
Lyme disease
tuberculosis
syphilis
rheumatic fever - streptococcal infection
hepatitis B

A

Chronic communicable

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24
Q

Diabetes
coronary heart disease
osteoarthritis
cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism

A

Chronic noncommunicable

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25
Q

refers to the ability of a biological
agent to lodge and grow in a host

A

infectivity

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26
Q

refers to an infectious disease
agent’s ability to produce disease

A

Pathogenicity

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27
Q

has three (3) factors to sum up
the minimal requirements for the
occurrence and spread of communicable diseases in the population

A

Simplified Communicable Disease Model

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28
Q

Simplified Communicable Disease Model
○ These three (3) factors seem to sum up the minimal requirements for the
occurrence and spread of communicable diseases in the population

A

Agent
Host
Environment

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29
Q

must be present in order for disease to occur

A

AGENT:

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30
Q

any susceptible
organism or a single-celled
organism (a plant, animal, or
humans) invaded by an
infectious agent

A

HOST:

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31
Q

includes all other factors such as physical, biological, or social that inhibit or promote disease

A

ENVIRONMENT:

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32
Q

: Influenza
must be present for a
person to become ill
with influenza (agent is
the flu virus)

A

AGENT

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33
Q

“Communicable disease transmission is a complicated
but well-studied process that is best understood through a
conceptual model known as the

A

chain of infection.

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34
Q

chain of infection.

A

Pathogen
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Transmission
Portal of entry
Establishment of disease in new host

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35
Q

disease-producing agent such as
the bacteria, virus, fungi, or a parasite, which
leaves its reservoir

A

PATHOGEN:

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36
Q

through the mouth, nasal
passages, and nose; where pathogens escape
from its reservoir

A

PORTAL OF EXIT:

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37
Q

fecal-oral route, droplet or
airborne

A

TRANSMISSION:

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38
Q

seen in a susceptible host;
the way the pathogenic agent will be able to
establish disease in the susceptible host

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY:

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39
Q

implies the immediate
transfer of the disease agent between the infected and susceptible individuals by direct
contact “such as touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, or by direct projection (droplet spread) of droplet spray onto the conjunctiva or onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or
mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing or talking (usually limited to a distance of one meter or less).”

A

Direct transmission

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40
Q

implies the immediate
transfer of the disease agent between the infected and susceptible individuals by direct
contact “such as touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, or by direct projection (droplet spread) of droplet spray onto the conjunctiva or onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or
mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing or talking (usually limited to a distance of one meter or less).”

A

Direct transmission

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41
Q

Examples of diseases for
which transmission is usually ______ are AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, rabies, and the common cold.

A

direct

42
Q

may be one of three
types—airborne, vehicle-borne, or vectorborne.

A

Indirect transmission

43
Q

is the
dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry, usually the respiratory tract. These particles may remain suspended and infective for long
periods of time.

A

Airborne transmission

44
Q

Tuberculosis, influenza,
histoplasmosis and legionellosis are examples of

A

airborne diseases

45
Q

contaminated materials or objects (fomites) serve as ______—nonliving objects by which communicable agents
are transferred to a susceptible host.

A

vehicle-borne transmission

46
Q

is the transfer of disease by a living organism such as a mosquito, fly, or tick.

A

Vectorborne transmission

47
Q

Transmission may be _________, via the contaminated mouth parts or feet of the vector, or biological, which involves
multiplication or developmental changes of the agent in the vector before transmission occurs.

A

mechanical

48
Q

In _________, multiplication and
development of the disease organism usually do not.

A

mechanical transmission

49
Q

While communicable diseases remain an important concern for communities, certain non-communicable diseases such as ______, ______, and _______ now rank high among the nation’s leading causes of death.

A

heart disease, stroke, and cancer

50
Q

The complex ideologies or causes of many of the non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease are best illustrated by the

A

multi-causation disease model

51
Q

PHILIPPINES = 4 major non-communicable diseases:

A

● Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
● Cancer
● Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
● Diabetes Mellitus

52
Q

4 Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)

A

○ Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
○ Atherosclerosis
○ Hypertension
○ Cerebrovascular accidents

53
Q

○ Number 1 killer of Americans
○ happens when there is depletion of oxygen in the heart due to an embolus, thrombus, or atherosclerosis

A

Coronary Heart disease

54
Q

○ Cerebrovascular disease
○ 3rd leading cause of death
○ Blood supply to brain is interrupted
○ “Heart attack of the brain”

A

Stroke

55
Q

○ 2nd cause of death

A

Cancer

56
Q

Common cancer sites:

A

Lungs, breast, prostate but can occur in other sites

57
Q

Cancers can be found anywhere in the body, but here in the Philippines, the number one cause of death in both males and females is the

A

lungs

58
Q

○ 4th leading cause of death

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

59
Q

patients usually have a chronic
cough; the ones who are usually
smoking; lived in factories or exposed in
particle emissions

A

COPD

60
Q

○ 7th leading cause of death

A

Diabetes-Type II

61
Q

a hormonal problem, especially with the dysregulation of insulin

A

Diabetes-Type II

62
Q

○ 10th leading cause
○ patients succumb to alcoholism

A

Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis

63
Q

PRIORITIZING PREVENTION AND CONTROL EFFORTS:

A

Leading causes of death
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)
Economic cost to society

64
Q

PRIORITIZING PREVENTION AND CONTROL EFFORTS:

A

Leading causes of death
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)
Economic cost to society

65
Q

Leading causes of death
● most common way people prioritize health problems
● The U. S. spends 66.5% of its health care budget on the four leading causes of death

A

Leading causes of death

66
Q

● measurement that emphasizes the importance of those diseases that kill people of all ages

A

Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

67
Q

● Evaluate the impact of a particular disease or health problem; to estimate the economic cost to the country or community

A

Economic cost to society

68
Q

Cost of treatment,
Loss of productivity, cost of law
enforcement, courts, jails, and
social work

A

Economic cost to society

69
Q

taking action to prevent or delay the onset of illness or injury before-pathogenesis occur

A

Prevention

70
Q

○ taking action to control a disease in
progress

A

Intervention

71
Q

○ means containment of a disease
○ can include both prevention and
intervention measures
○ stopping the disease from having more
complications or even from spreading

A

Control

72
Q

○ uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the human population
■ Example: Smallpox;

A

Eradication

73
Q

○ Prevent or forestall (delay)the
occurrence
○ Vaccine immunizations
○ Diet, Exercise
○ Hygiene

A

Primary prevention

74
Q

the purpose of primary prevention is to forestall
the onset of illness or injury during the
pre-pathogenesis period before even the disease
process begins lifestyle changes and hygiene

A

Primary prevention

75
Q

○ early diagnosis and prompt treatment of
a disease before the disease becomes
advanced and disability becomes severe
○ Health screenings
○ Diabetes (FBS, HBA1c)
○ Breast self-exam

A

Secondary prevention

76
Q

the goal of these screenings is not to prevent the
onset of the seeds but rather to detect its
presence during early pathogenesis thus
permitting early intervention or treatment and
limiting disability for example health screenings
such as the RE for PSA diabetes screening now
a person should undergo FBS hba1c at a certain
age breast health examination for breast cancer
and there are different and many types of health
cleanings

A

Secondary prevention

77
Q

○ Retrain, re-educate, rehabilitate patient who has the disability
○ Stroke patients

A

Tertiary prevention

78
Q

for example those stroke patients so stroke patients would suffer numbness or weakness in
the body part so they cannot walk so we do the tertiary prevention so that we could prevent the atrophy or the weakening of the muscles or the decrease in the muscle fiber so through
rehabilitation the person will undergo physical therapy so that the person who suffered stroke
will not be would not suffer more especially with regards to their quality of life

A

Tertiary prevention

79
Q

○ Immunization
○ Chlorination of water supply
○ Proper waste disposal
○ Use of condoms
○ Control of vectors
○ Hygiene and sanitation

A

Primary

80
Q

○ Isolation
○ Surveillance
○ Quarantine
○ Drug treatment

A

Secondary

81
Q

○ Control for the individual
○ Convalescence

A

Tertiary

82
Q

○ Pasteurization
○ Chlorination
○ Antibiotics
○ Antivirals
○ Disinfectants

A

PATHOGEN

83
Q

○ Isolation
○ Surveillance
○ Quarantine
○ Drug treatment

A

HUMAN RESERVOIR

84
Q

○ Gowns
○ Masks
○ Condoms
○ Hair nets
○ Insect repellents

A

PORTAL OF EXIT

85
Q

○ Isolation
○ Hand washing
○ Vector control
○ Sanitary engineering

A

TRANSMISSION

86
Q

○ Masks
○ Condoms’safetty glasses
○ Insect repellents

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

87
Q

○ Immunizations
○ Health education
○ Nutrition promotion
○ Sexual abstinence

A

ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST

88
Q

○ Immunizations
○ Health education
○ Nutrition promotion
○ Sexual abstinence

A

ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST

89
Q

○ Immunizations
○ Health education
○ Nutrition promotion
○ Sexual abstinence

A

ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST

89
Q

○ Immunizations
○ Health education
○ Nutrition promotion
○ Sexual abstinence

A

ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE IN NEW HOST

90
Q

PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
● Primary
○ Adequate food and energy supplies
○ Education
○ Employment
○ Housing
○ Efficient community
○ Services

A
91
Q

PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES

○ Adequate food and energy supplies
○ Education
○ Employment
○ Housing
○ Efficient community
○ Services

A

● Primary

92
Q

PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES

○ Health screening
(mass/self-examination)
○ Case-finding measures
○ Provision of health services

A

Secondary

93
Q

PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES

○ Ambulance services
○ Hospitals
○ Physicians and surgeons
○ Nurses and other allied health
professionals

A

Tertiary

94
Q

APPLICATION OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR
THE CONTROL OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

● Prevention
○ Restrict smoking areas
○ Health screening
○ Areas for recreation and exercise
○ Promote sound nutrition

the role of the _______ is to recognize the importance of preventing chronic diseases

A

COMMUNITY

95
Q

APPLICATION OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR
THE CONTROL OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

● Unmodifiable Risk factors (genes):
○ Race
○ Gender
○ personality type
○ Age
○ basic metabolic rate

A

INDIVIDUAL

96
Q

these are risk factors that we cannot modify we cannot change
because it is already encoded in our genes these are already inherited from our parents

A

unmodifiable risk factors

97
Q

risk factors that we can change these are risk factors that are seen in the environment or in the
behavior of a person

A

Modifiable Risk factors (environmental & behavioral)
○ Smoking
○ Diet
○ Lack of exercise

97
Q

risk factors that we can change these are risk
factors that are seen in the environment or in the
behavior of a person

A

Modifiable Risk factors (environmental & behavioral)
○ Smoking
○ Diet
○ Lack of exercise

98
Q
A

CPH (13 decks)

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