Epidemiology: The Study of Disease, Injury, and Death in the Community Flashcards
Diseases and health problems can be classified in
several meaningful ways.
– Communicable vs. non-communicable diseases
– Acute vs. chronic diseases and illnesses
– caused by pathogenic agents which can be transmitted from
an infected host to a non-infected but susceptible host
Communicable diseases
– cannot be transmitted from a diseased host to a susceptible
one.
Non-communicable diseases
- Duration (3 months or less)
- Peak severity of symptoms occur & subsides within 3
months or sooner
Acute diseases
- Duration (longer than 3 months)
- Recovery is slow and often incomplete
Chronic diseases
The communicable disease
model includes three basic
elements.
disease agent
the host, and
the environment.
– model that conceptualizes the
transmission of a
communicable disease from
its source to a new susceptible
host.
Chain of Infection
can best be visualized by the multi-causation
disease model
Non-communicable disease
Non-communicable diseases
Contributing factors:
- Genetics
- Environmental
- Behavior
PHIL. = 4 major non-communicable
diseases (chronic diseases or lifestyle
related diseases):
– Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
– Cancer
– Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
– Diabetes Mellitus
- Number 1 killer of Americans
– Heart disease
- 3rd leading cause of death
- Blood supply to brain is interrupted
– Stroke
- 2nd cause of death
- Common cancer sites: breast, prostate but
can occur in other sites
– Cancer
(4th leading cause of death)
COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(7th leading cause of death)
Diabetes-type II
(10th leading cause)
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
– Brought considerable change on the health status of Filipinos.
Phil. = urbanization & lifestyle changes
– Influenced the spread of non-communicable /lifestyle
degenerative diseases
– Increase risk exposure
Globalization & social changes
– taking action to prevent or delay the onset of illness or
injury before pathogenesis occur.
- Prevention
– taking action to control a disease in progress.
Intervention
– means containment of a disease
– can include both prevention and intervention measures.
Control
– uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the
human population.
Eradication
– most common way people prioritize health
problems.
– The U. S. spends 66.5% of its health care budget
on the four leading causes of death.
Leading causes of death
– measurement that emphasizes the importance of
those diseases that kill people of all ages
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)
– Evaluate the impact of a particular disease or health
problem
– Example:
* Cost of treatment
* Loss of productivity
Economic cost to society
– Prevent or forestall (delay)the occurrence
* Vaccines
* Diet
* Exercise
* Non-risky behaviors
Primary prevention
– early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease
before the disease becomes advanced and
disability becomes severe.
* Diabetes: blindness, amputation, dialysis
* Health screenings
Secondary prevention
– Retrain, re-educate, rehabilitate patient who has the
disability
* Stroke patients
Tertiary prevention
- Pasteurization
- Antibiotics/antivirals
- Disinfectants
– Primary
- Isolation
- Surveillance
- Quarantine
- Drug treatment
Secondary
- Control for the individual
– Convalescence
Tertiary
– Adequate food supplies (healthy foods)
– Housing
– Education opportunities
– Efficient community services
Primary prevention
– Mass screenings for chronic diseases
– Personal screenings
Secondary prevention
– Adequate emergency medical personnel
– Adequate services
– Adequate facilities
Tertiary prevention
– Recognize the importance
– Supportive environment
* Smoking cessation/restricting smoking
* Gym facilities
* Safe neighborhoods
Community role:
– Modifiable risk factors – vices (CHANGE)
– Non-modifiable risk factors - genetics
Individual role:
Organ System
○ kidney disease, heart disease,
respiratory infection, and so on
Organ System
○ these are the factors that caused the disease of the infection, which can be
divided into three (3) subclassifications:
Causative Agent
three (3) subclassifications of CAUSATIVE AGENT:
■ Biological Agents
■ Chemical Agents
■ Physical Agents
