Chap 3: Epidemiology: The Study of Disease, Injury, and Death in the Community

Question 1

• Concerned with the course of disease in an individual
  patient

Answer 1

Primary Care Physician

Question 2

– is a public health scientist, who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice

Answer 2

Epidemiologist

Question 3

GOALof _______: To limit disease, injury, and death in a community by intervening to prevent or limit outbreaks or epidemics of disease and injury

Answer 3

Epidemiologist

Question 4

– study of the distribution and
determinants of health related
states or events in specified
population and the application of this study to control health problems

Answer 4

Epidemiology

Question 5

Epidemiology is also known as

Answer 5

population medicine

Question 6

Epidemiology

– scientific discipline

Answer 6

• Study

Question 7

Epidemiology

– factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events

Answer 7

Determinants

Question 8

Epidemiology

– anything that affects the well-being of a population

Answer 8

• Health-related states or events

Question 9

• “Father of Medicine”
• Suggested the relationship between the occurrence of disease & the physical environment (300 B.C.)

Answer 9

Hippocrates

Question 10

– Few advances in epidemiology –

Epidemics
(Plague, leprosy, smallpox, malaria, syphilis, yellow fever)

Answer 10

Spiritual Era

Question 11

traced the cases to the docks where ships arrived from tropical ports (Philadelphia)

Answer 11

Dr. Benjamin Rush

Question 12

*Discovered the yellow fever
mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Answer 12

Walter Reed

Question 13

50 years after the yellow fever outbreaks, ______ became
epidemic in London, 1849.

Answer 13

cholera

Question 14

*Removed pump handle (1849)
*Achieved goal in limiting disease
and deaths

Answer 14

Dr. John Snow

Question 15

30 yrs. after cholera:

• “Germ theory of disease”
• Principle of pasteurization

Answer 15

Louis Pasteur

Question 16

• 1883,
  *discovered Vibrio cholerae
  & many other bacteria

Answer 16

Robert Koch

Question 17

3 Types of Epidemiology:

Answer 17

• 1. Descriptive epidemiology
• 2. Analytical epidemiology
• 3. Experimental epidemiology

Question 18

– Describes the distribution of health status in terms of: age, gender, race, geography, time
etc.

Answer 18

Descriptive Epidemiology

Question 19

Assessing health status, health
problems, health needs through
collections & surveys

Answer 19

Descriptive Epidemiology

Question 20

Disease Surveillance
* what (case definition)
* who (person)
* where (place)
* when (time), and
* how many (count)

Answer 20

Descriptive Epidemiology

Question 21

– study of the determinants (causes) of health-related states or events

– Answers: why and how

Answer 21

Analytical Epidemiology

Question 22

test hypotheses about relationships between health problems & possible risk factors, factors that increase that increase the probability of disease

Answer 22

Analytical Epidemiology

Question 23

– Evaluate the effects of intervention
– Identify the cause of a disease

Answer 23

Experimental Epidemiology

Question 24

Determine the effectiveness of a
vaccine, therapeutic drug, or surgical
procedure

Answer 24

Experimental Epidemiology

Question 25

Objective of epidemiological study: * To obtain an estimate of an epidemiological measure without ______________________. The research question should state what we want to measure.

Answer 25

random or systematic error

Question 26

How many are (becoming) diseased?

Answer 26

(occurrence)

Question 27

Why are some diseased?

Answer 27

(causal effects, etiology)

Question 28

How can we tell whether someone is diseased?

Answer 28

(diagnostics)

Question 29

What can we do for the diseased?

Answer 29

(intervention effects)

Question 30

How does the diseased fare?

Answer 30

(prognosis)

Question 31

How does it feel to have the disease?

Answer 31

(patient experiences)

Question 32

EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE * 3 components

Answer 32

Host Agent Environment

Question 33

– any susceptible organism invaded by an agent

Answer 33

HOST

Question 34

– the element that must be present in order for disease to occur

Answer 34

AGENT

Question 35

– includes all factors – physical, biological, or social – that inhibit or promote disease transmission

Answer 35

ENVIRONMENT

Question 36

– Influenced by exposure, susceptibility or response to agents

Answer 36

INTRINSIC FACTORS/risk factors

Question 37

– prior to infection/immunization

Answer 37

Active immunity

Question 38

– maternal antibodies, gamma globulins

Answer 38

Passive immunity

Question 39

AGENTS OF DISEASE: PINC

Answer 39

PHYSICAL AGENTS INFECTIOUS AGENTS NUTRITIVE ELEMENTS CHEMICAL AGENTS

Question 40

* Excess * Deficiencies

Answer 40

NUTRITIVE ELEMENTS

Question 41

* Poisons * Allergens

Answer 41

CHEMICAL AGENTS

Question 42

* Heat, Light, Ionizing Radiation

Answer 42

PHYSICAL AGENTS

Question 43

* Parasites, Protozoa, Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses

Answer 43

INFECTIOUS AGENTS

Question 44

- influence existence of the agent, exposure, orsusceptibility to agent

Answer 44

EXTRINSIC FACTORS

Question 45

EXTRINSIC FACTORS: PSB

Answer 45

PHYSICAL SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT BIOLOGICAL

Question 46

– inanimate surroundings

Answer 46

PHYSICAL

Question 47

– Occupation, urbanization and disruption

Answer 47

SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT–

Question 48

– living things around us

Answer 48

BIOLOGICAL

Question 49

– cockroach, flies, plants, etc

Answer 49

PASSIVE HOST

Question 50

– vectors

Answer 50

ACTIVE HOST

Question 51

* Characteristic data & factors - not constant

Answer 51

Epidemiologic Data

Question 52

To analyze epidemiologic data – Organize data according to the variables of :

Answer 52

TIME PERSON PLACE

Question 53

– refers both to the period of exposure to the source of infection & the period during which the illness occurred

Answer 53

TIME

Question 54

̶Characteristics of the individual (exposed & contacted the infection)

Answer 54

PERSONS

Question 55

̶Characteristics of the individual (exposed & contacted the infection)

Answer 55

PERSONS

Question 56

Described in terms of inherent or acquired characteristics ( age, race, sex, immune status, marital status)

Answer 56

PERSONS

Question 57

Variables under PERSONS

Answer 57

Age Sex & Occupation

Question 58

* Single most useful variable in describing occurrence & distribution of disease * Potential for exposure to a source of infection * Level of immunity or resistance * Physiologic activity at the tissue level.

Answer 58

AGE

Question 59

Male : higher _______ rate; Female: higher ________ rate

Answer 59

mortality morbidity

Question 60

Differ in pattern of behavior, activities, travel, occupation, exposure to infection * Activities (work, play, & customs) * Circumstances (social,economic & environmental )

Answer 60

SEX & OCCUPATION

Question 61

– Features, factors or conditions in the environment where the disease occurred

Answer 61

PLACE

Question 62

– Geographic area described in terms of: * Street , address, city, municipality, province, region, country – Urban / Rural Differences – Socio-economic areas

Answer 62

PLACE

Question 63

Patterns of Disease Occurrence & Distribution

Answer 63

1. Sporadic Diseases 2. Endemic Diseases 3. Epidemic Diseases 4. Pandemic Diseases 5. Epizootics 6. Epizoodemic

Question 64

̶ Intermittent occurrence of a few isolated & unrelated cases in a given locality Ex. Rabies (cases scattered throughout the country)

Answer 64

Sporadic Diseases

Question 65

– a disease that occur regularly in a population with the usual number of cases in a given locality – Ex. Schistosomiasis in Leyte & Samar, Filariasis in Sorsogon

Answer 65

Endemic Diseases

Question 66

: persistently high level of occurrence (endemic)

Answer 66

Hyperendemic

Question 67

– an unexpectedly large number of cases of disease in a particular population in relatively short period of time – More acute and serious problem – Ex. Bird Flu

Answer 67

Epidemic Diseases

Question 68

– an outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area such as a continent – World-wide occurrence – influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed 25 million people worldwide

Answer 68

Pandemic Diseases

Question 69

– Disease outbreaks in animal populations – Ex. Bubonic plague, St. Louis encephalitis (but later become epidemics) – epizootiologist

Answer 69

Epizootics

Question 70

– Disease outbreaks involving both animals and humans

Answer 70

Epizoodemic