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CPH > Chap 3: Epidemiology: The Study of Disease, Injury, and Death in the Community > Flashcards

Chap 3: Epidemiology: The Study of Disease, Injury, and Death in the Community Flashcards

1
Q
  • Concerned with the course of disease in an individual
    patient
A

Primary Care Physician

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2
Q

– is a public health scientist, who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice

A

Epidemiologist

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3
Q

GOALof _______: To limit disease, injury, and death in a community by intervening to prevent or limit outbreaks or epidemics of disease and injury

A

Epidemiologist

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4
Q

– study of the distribution and
determinants of health related
states or events in specified
population and the application of this study to control health problems

A

Epidemiology

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5
Q

Epidemiology is also known as

A

population medicine

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6
Q

Epidemiology

– scientific discipline

A
  • Study
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7
Q

Epidemiology

– factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events

A

Determinants

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8
Q

Epidemiology

– anything that affects the well-being of a population

A
  • Health-related states or events
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9
Q
  • “Father of Medicine”
  • Suggested the relationship between the occurrence of disease & the physical environment (300 B.C.)
A

Hippocrates

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10
Q

– Few advances in epidemiology –

Epidemics
(Plague, leprosy, smallpox, malaria, syphilis, yellow fever)

A

Spiritual Era

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11
Q

traced the cases to the docks where ships arrived from tropical ports (Philadelphia)

A

Dr. Benjamin Rush

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12
Q

*Discovered the yellow fever
mosquito, Aedes aegypti

A

Walter Reed

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13
Q

50 years after the yellow fever outbreaks, ______ became
epidemic in London, 1849.

A

cholera

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14
Q

*Removed pump handle (1849)
*Achieved goal in limiting disease
and deaths

A

Dr. John Snow

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15
Q

30 yrs. after cholera:

  • “Germ theory of disease”
  • Principle of pasteurization
A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q
  • 1883,
    *discovered Vibrio cholerae
    & many other bacteria
A

Robert Koch

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17
Q

3 Types of Epidemiology:

A
    1. Descriptive epidemiology
    1. Analytical epidemiology
    1. Experimental epidemiology
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18
Q

– Describes the distribution of health status in terms of: age, gender, race, geography, time
etc.

A

Descriptive Epidemiology

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19
Q

Assessing health status, health
problems, health needs through
collections & surveys

A

Descriptive Epidemiology

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20
Q

Disease Surveillance
* what (case definition)
* who (person)
* where (place)
* when (time), and
* how many (count)

A

Descriptive Epidemiology

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21
Q

– study of the determinants (causes) of health-related states or events

– Answers: why and how

A

Analytical Epidemiology

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22
Q

test hypotheses about relationships between health problems & possible risk factors, factors that increase that increase the probability of disease

A

Analytical Epidemiology

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23
Q

– Evaluate the effects of intervention
– Identify the cause of a disease

A

Experimental Epidemiology

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24
Q

Determine the effectiveness of a
vaccine, therapeutic drug, or surgical
procedure

A

Experimental Epidemiology

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25
Q

Objective of epidemiological
study:

  • To obtain an estimate of an epidemiological measure
    without ______________________.

The research question should state what we want to measure.

A

random or systematic error

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26
Q

How many are (becoming) diseased?

A

(occurrence)

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27
Q

Why are some diseased?

A

(causal effects, etiology)

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28
Q

How can we tell whether someone is diseased?

A

(diagnostics)

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29
Q

What can we do for the diseased?

A

(intervention effects)

30
Q

How does the diseased fare?

A

(prognosis)

31
Q

How does it feel to have the disease?

A

(patient experiences)

32
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE
* 3 components

A

Host
Agent
Environment

33
Q

– any susceptible organism invaded by an agent

A

HOST

34
Q

– the element that must be present in order for disease to occur

A

AGENT

35
Q

– includes all factors –
physical, biological, or social – that inhibit or promote disease transmission

A

ENVIRONMENT

36
Q

– Influenced by exposure, susceptibility or
response to agents

A

INTRINSIC FACTORS/risk factors

37
Q

– prior to
infection/immunization

A

Active immunity

38
Q

– maternal
antibodies, gamma
globulins

A

Passive immunity

39
Q

AGENTS OF DISEASE: PINC

A

PHYSICAL AGENTS
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
NUTRITIVE ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL AGENTS

40
Q
  • Excess
  • Deficiencies
A

NUTRITIVE ELEMENTS

41
Q
  • Poisons
  • Allergens
A

CHEMICAL AGENTS

42
Q
  • Heat, Light, Ionizing Radiation
A

PHYSICAL AGENTS

43
Q
  • Parasites, Protozoa, Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses
A

INFECTIOUS AGENTS

44
Q
  • influence existence of the agent, exposure, orsusceptibility to agent
A

EXTRINSIC FACTORS

45
Q

EXTRINSIC FACTORS: PSB

A

PHYSICAL
SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
BIOLOGICAL

46
Q

– inanimate surroundings

A

PHYSICAL

47
Q

– Occupation, urbanization and disruption

A

SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT–

48
Q

– living things around us

A

BIOLOGICAL

49
Q

– cockroach, flies, plants, etc

A

PASSIVE HOST

50
Q

– vectors

A

ACTIVE HOST

51
Q
  • Characteristic data & factors - not constant
A

Epidemiologic Data

52
Q

To analyze epidemiologic data
– Organize data according to the variables of :

A

TIME
PERSON
PLACE

53
Q

– refers both to the period of exposure to the source of infection & the period during which the illness occurred

A

TIME

54
Q

̶Characteristics of the individual (exposed & contacted the infection)

A

PERSONS

55
Q

̶Characteristics of the individual (exposed & contacted the infection)

A

PERSONS

56
Q

Described in terms of inherent or acquired characteristics ( age, race, sex, immune status,
marital status)

A

PERSONS

57
Q

Variables under PERSONS

A

Age
Sex & Occupation

58
Q
  • Single most useful variable in describing occurrence &
    distribution of disease
  • Potential for exposure to a source of infection
  • Level of immunity or resistance
  • Physiologic activity at the tissue level.
A

AGE

59
Q

Male : higher _______ rate;
Female: higher ________ rate

A

mortality
morbidity

60
Q

Differ in pattern of behavior, activities, travel, occupation,
exposure to infection
* Activities (work, play, & customs)
* Circumstances (social,economic & environmental )

A

SEX & OCCUPATION

61
Q

– Features, factors or conditions in the environment where the disease occurred

A

PLACE

62
Q

– Geographic area described in terms of:
* Street , address, city, municipality, province,
region, country

– Urban / Rural Differences
– Socio-economic areas

A

PLACE

63
Q

Patterns of Disease Occurrence & Distribution

A
  1. Sporadic Diseases
  2. Endemic Diseases
  3. Epidemic Diseases
  4. Pandemic Diseases
  5. Epizootics
  6. Epizoodemic
64
Q

̶ Intermittent occurrence of a few isolated &
unrelated cases in a given locality
Ex. Rabies (cases scattered throughout the country)

A

Sporadic Diseases

65
Q

– a disease that occur regularly in a population with the usual number of cases in a given
locality
– Ex. Schistosomiasis in Leyte & Samar, Filariasis in Sorsogon

A

Endemic Diseases

66
Q

: persistently high level of occurrence (endemic)

A

Hyperendemic

67
Q

– an unexpectedly large number of cases of disease in a particular population in relatively short period of time
– More acute and serious problem
– Ex. Bird Flu

A

Epidemic Diseases

68
Q

– an outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area such as a continent
– World-wide occurrence
– influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed 25 million people worldwide

A

Pandemic Diseases

69
Q

– Disease outbreaks in animal populations
– Ex. Bubonic plague, St. Louis encephalitis (but later become epidemics)
– epizootiologist

A

Epizootics

70
Q

– Disease outbreaks involving both animals and humans

A

Epizoodemic

CPH (13 decks)

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