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UPT Study Material Kronk > Weather > Flashcards

Weather Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of the Atmophere?

A

78% Nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gasses

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2
Q

Height of the troposphere?

A

55K over equator, 28k over poles, 36k over USA

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3
Q

Where is standard lapse rate?

A

Troposphere

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4
Q

Where is isothermal lapse rate?

A

Tropopause

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5
Q

Where is inversion lapse rate?

A

Stratosphere

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6
Q

Where is the jet stream?

A

Just below tropopause

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7
Q

Average height of tropopause in USA?

A

36k

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8
Q

Characteristics of stratosphere

A

Above tropopause
has temp inversion
flying is smooth with excellent vis

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9
Q

standard temp lapse rate

A

2*c per 1000’

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10
Q

Average PSI at sea level standard day

A

14.7

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11
Q

How does pressure change as alt increases?

A

always decreases

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12
Q

2 units of atmospheric pressure

A

in of hg or millibars 15c or 59f

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13
Q

Station pressure definition

A

atmospheric pressure measured directly at an airfield or other weather station

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14
Q

sea level pressure

A

pressure measured if the station would be at mean sea level

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15
Q

what are ridges

A

high pressure good wx

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16
Q

what are troughs

A

low px bad wx

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17
Q

what is the adjustable part of an altimeter called

A

kollsman window

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18
Q

Temperature affect altimeter error how?

A

cold air then normal plane is lower
warm air than normal plane is higher

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19
Q

Temp dev on altimeter error

A

11*C causes 4% Error

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20
Q

Pressure change on altimeter error

A

high to low lookout below
low to high plenty of sky

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21
Q

Indicated altitude definition

A

alt as read on altimeter

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22
Q

absolute altitude

A

agl alt

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23
Q

true alt

A

alt referenced to mean sea level

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24
Q

pressure alt

A

alt above a standard datum plane

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25
Q

density alt

A

pressure alt corrected for non standard temperature deviations

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26
Q

What is density alt measure

A

aircraft performance

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27
Q

pennant
single barb
half barb speeds

A

50
10
5

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28
Q

parts of station model

A

wind direction and speed
temp and dew point
sea level pressure
pressure change
sky cover

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29
Q

isobar definition

A

lines of equal pressure

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30
Q

how far are isobars spaced on chart

A

4 millibars

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31
Q

close isobars means what for winds and illustrate what

A

the pressure gradient force, the closer the isobars are together the higher they will be and higher wind

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32
Q

Gradient winds definition

A

winds flow parallel to isobars due to coriolis force and turns air to the right
found above 2000’

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33
Q

surface winds definition

A

found below 2000 agl friction, pressure gradient, coriolis all balance and winds flow at 45 across isobars

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34
Q

Average height of jet stream

A

30,000 ft

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35
Q

average wind speeds for jet stream

A

100-150 but can be as high as 250

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36
Q

size of jet stream

A

1000-3000 miles long
100-400 miles wide
3000-7000 ft deep

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37
Q

Local winds definition

A

systems tens of miles across to long thin geographic areas
like mountain ranges

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38
Q

what is sea breeze

A

land heats fast, air rises and cold ocean air moves in to fill it 15-20

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39
Q

land breeze

A

land cools faster than water and air flows from land to ocean at night

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40
Q

valley wind

A

day mountain slopes warmed and warms air which begins to rise. cool air settles down to the valley floor and pushes warm air up the mountain

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41
Q

mountain wind

A

at night the cool mountain cools surrounding air which flows downhill

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42
Q

dew point definition

A

temp where saturation occurs

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43
Q

Relative humidity def

A

percent of saturation of air compared to max amount the air can hold at that temp

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44
Q

3 characteristics of precipitation

A

showers, continuous, intermittant

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45
Q

showers definitions

A

starts, stops, changes intensity or sky conditions rapidly, associated with cumuliform clouds

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46
Q

continuous definition

A

stady and changes intensity gradually, associated with stratiform clouds

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47
Q

intermittent def

A

stops and starts at least once during the hour

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48
Q

types of precipitation

A

drizzle, rain, frozen

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49
Q

low clouds def

A

surface to 6500 agl
can produce faster icing

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50
Q

middle clouds

A

form between 6500 to 20K
prefix alto
vis can be poor icing common

51
Q

high clouds

A

20000 to 40K
cirro or contain word cirrus
no precip or icing hazard

52
Q

CB clouds

A

thunderstorms with heavy rain and mod turbulence

53
Q

Nimbostratus

A

heavy steady rain

54
Q

What is stable atmosphere

A

cold air lifted and then sinks back down to the ground

55
Q

What is unstable atmosphere

A

warm air lifted and continues to rise when lifting action removed

56
Q

Neutral stability

A

air that has the same temp as surrounding air remains at the point where lifting was removed

57
Q

4 methods of lifting

A

convergent
frontal
orographic
thermal

58
Q

flight conditions for stable atmosphere

A

cloud type - stratus
turbulence - smooth
visibility - poor
winds - steady
precip - steady
icing - rime

59
Q

Flight conditions for unstable atmosphere

A

cloud type - Cumulus
turbulence - rough
visibility - good
winds - gusty
precip - showery
icing - clear

60
Q

Air mass definition

A

large body of air that has essentially uniform temp and moisture in horizontal plane

61
Q

air masses are named by

A

moisture content, location, and temp with location most important

62
Q

front definition

A

discontinuity that forms between two adjacent air masses

63
Q

weather on either side of front is called

A

frontal zone

64
Q

3 characteristics of fronts

A

always in trough of low px
cold fronts move faster than warm
frontal passage accompanied by 90* shift in wind

65
Q

shallow fronts

A

produce cloudiness and steady precip

66
Q

steep fronts

A

produce showers and narrow bands of cloudiness

67
Q

cold fronts

A

produce thunderstorms
wind shifts from SW to NW

68
Q

Squall lines

A

line of violent thunderstorms dotted and dashed purple lines
50-300 miles ahead of cold front parallel

69
Q

Warm fronts

A

Warm air overrides cold air causes cloudiness and steady precip up to 500-700 miles ahead of surface front

winds shift from SE to SW

70
Q

Stationary front

A

wind has 180 shift

71
Q

Occluded front

A

cold front overtakes warm front
type depends on which temp stays on ground
180* wind shift
most severe weather 100 miles south to 300 north of frontal intersection

72
Q

Turbulence intensity classifications

A

light
mod
severe
extreme

73
Q

Duration of turbulence

A

occasional less than 1/3
intermittent- 1/3 to 2/3
continuous- more than 2/3

74
Q

4 Causes of turbulence

A

thermal
mechanical
frontal
wind sheer

75
Q

Clear air turbulence

A

usually in jet stream although any wind shear is CAT

76
Q

Thermal turb

A

also called convective

77
Q

mechanical turb

A

caused by passage of wind over obstructions

78
Q

mountain wave turb

A

winds blowing perp to mountain form standing waves

best determined by clouds

79
Q

rotor cloud

A

downwind and parallel to range

80
Q

cap cloud

A

covers mountain and dows not move

81
Q

lenticular cloud

A

form on leeward side of mountain from standing waves

82
Q

mountain wave turbulence intensities

A

50 knots at peak - extreme
up to 150 miles downwind - severe
up to 300 miles downwind - moderate

83
Q

how to avoid mountain wave turbulence

A

circumnavigate
fly 50% higher than peak
avoid all clouds
approach range at 45*

84
Q

2 main groups of icing

A

structural and engine

85
Q

icing types structural

A

clear, rime, mixed, frost

86
Q

engine icing

A

compressor icing and induction icing

87
Q

icing requirements

A

visible moisture
supercooled water
air and skin temp below freezing

88
Q

clear icing characteristics

A

0 to -10*c
large drops freeze slowly and assume shape of airfoil
cumulus clouds and unstable conditions

89
Q

rime icing characteristics

A

-10 to -20*C
small drops freeze instantly
statiform clouds

90
Q

mixed icing

A

combination of clear and rime
-8 to -15*c

91
Q

Frontal icing warm front

A

rime icing
low rate of accumulation and stratoform clouds

92
Q

frontal icing cold fronts

A

cumuliform clouds
clear icing
high rate of accumulation

93
Q

frontal icing occluded front

A

mixed clouds
mixed icing rime clear and mixed
rapid and heavy accumulation

94
Q

aerodynamic effects of icing

A

changes stall AOA

95
Q

Performance effects of icing

A

decreases lift thrust range
increases drag weight fuel consumption and stall speed

96
Q

Other effects of icing

A

pitot static system
inhibits control surface movement and antenna transmission

97
Q

Icing conditions

A

visible moisture
0 to -20*C

98
Q

How to get out of icing

A

climb or descend, anti ice or deice

99
Q

Types of antiice or deice equip

A

fluid
mechanical
heat

100
Q

fluid deice

A

lowers freezing point of water

101
Q

mechanical deice

A

rubber bladders on leading edge of airfoils

102
Q

Icing intensities reported by PIREP

A

trace
light
mod
severe

103
Q

prevailing visibility def

A

equaled or exceeded throughout over half of the horizontal circle, in statute miles and need not be continous

104
Q

slant range vis

A

distance on final which runway was in sight
must be reported on PIREP

105
Q

Runway visual range RVR

A

distance seen looking down runway from approach end
reported in feet or meters

106
Q

Obscurring phenomena

A

reported when visibility less than 6 miles
fog
haze
smoke
rain

107
Q

sky coverage

A

reported in eights

108
Q

ceiling

A

lowest broken or overcast layer in AGL

109
Q

Fog Definition

A

visible layer of moisture with vis less than 5/8 mile

110
Q

3 requirements for thunderstorm formation

A

moisture
unstable air
lifting action

111
Q

Thunderstorm hazards

A

turbulence
gust front
roll and wall clouds (wind shear)
hail
lightning
tornado

112
Q

microburst size

A

only 1/4 to 2.5 miles wide
5-10 minutes
from cumuliform cloud

113
Q

how to detect microburst

A

virga
rain shaft
severe thunderstorms
radar
low level wind shear alert system
pirep

114
Q

surface analysis charts

A

depict pressure centers, fronts, precip lines, not a forcast

115
Q

forecast prognosis charts

A

predicts positions of fronts, pressure centers, forecast wx

116
Q

nexrad radar

A

detects showers, tornados, hail size and location, areas of wind shear, gust fronts, microbursts

117
Q

satellite imagery types

A

infrared and visible

118
Q

sigmets

A

advise of potentially hazardous significant meteorological information other than convective activity

119
Q

convective sigmets

A

used only for thunderstorms, tornados, hail

120
Q

airmets

A

conditions of lower intensity than sigmets

121
Q

3 types of airmets

A

sierra (seen)
Tango (turbulence)
zulu (icing)

122
Q

When is atc required to solicit pirep

A

ceiling at or below 5000’
vis less than 5 miles
thunderstorms
light icing or greater
wind shear
mod turbulence

123
Q

when are pilots required to submit pirep

A

unusual forecast wx
wx on ifr
missed approach due to wx
wind shear
volcanic activity
laser activity
birds

UPT Study Material Kronk (27 decks)

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