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Sec 1 :D > Water (Sec1; Pg 84-94) (Geog GP3) > Flashcards

Water (Sec1; Pg 84-94) (Geog GP3) Flashcards

To memorise for GP3 Sec1

1
Q

How do human activities/actions lead to water pollution and its associated impact? (1)

A
  1. water pollution: harmful substances enter water bodies, water quality will fall and the amt. of water clean enough to be used will be reduced.
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2
Q

How do human activities/actions lead to water pollution and its associated impact? (2)

A
  1. people conveniently throwing trash into drains
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3
Q

How do human activities/actions lead to water pollution and its associated impact? (3)

A
  1. factories release toxic chemicals into the sea (save costs) & country may not have proper systems to treat wastewater
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4
Q

How do human activities/actions lead to water pollution and its associated impact? (4)

A
  1. landfills leaking due to accumulated waste
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5
Q

How does water pollution pose threats to aquatic ecosystems? (1)

A
  1. pollutants kill plants & poisons animals feeding on the plants
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6
Q

How does water pollution pose threats to aquatic ecosystems? (2)

A
  1. excess fertilisers from farms get washed into rivers
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7
Q

How does water pollution pose threats to aquatic ecosystems? (3)

A
  1. rain provides additional nutrients for rapid growth of algae. oxygen is taken in and decomposed by bacteria when algae dies, less oxygen=more animals and plants dying
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8
Q

How can water be managed sustainably?

A

Improving water quality, reducing water consumption, improving water technologies and importing water

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9
Q

Why should water be managed sustainably?

A

There is limited freshwater available on earth

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10
Q

What do these management strategies ensure?

A

There will be an adequate amount/supply of water for human activities in the short and long term

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11
Q

What determines water quality?

A

Temperature, Amount of dissolved oxygen, turbidity and Ph.

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12
Q

What do the factors that determines water quality affect?

A

They affect how well aquatic plants can grow and the range of aquatic animals that can survive

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13
Q

How do countries improve water quality?

A

By implementing laws to maintain/improve water quality

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14
Q

(FYI) What is a real life example of how countries around the world improve water quality?

A

Industires in Singapore are not allowed to release wastewater into waterbodies without permission from NEA

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15
Q

What is water consumption?

A

Water consumption is the amount of water used. It is increased when the country’s economy and population increases, meaning that more water is needed to support industries and the daily needs of people.

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16
Q

How do countries reduce water consumption?

A

Countries encourage people to conserve and treasure water. Even though it is a renewable resource, it has to be treated and cleaned as it can run out if used up faster than it can be replenished.

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17
Q

(FYI) What is a real life example of countries reducing water consumption?

A

PUB works closely with community, schools and businesses to raise awareness and promote water conservation.

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17
Q

How do countries use technology to improve water overall?

A

They use technology to develop new ways of producing and conserving water.

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18
Q

What has Singapore done to improve water technologies over the decades?

A

Singapore has built the Four National Taps.

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19
Q

Where does the water from the 4 National Taps come from?

A

Local catchment, imported, NEWater and desalinated water.

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20
Q

What are NEWater and desalinated water?

A

They are reliable water sources that do not depend on the weather and helps Singapore better cope with the threat of climate change.

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21
Q

Why did Singapore choose desalination?

A

It is a natural option for Singapore as Singapore is an island surrounded by sea and saltwater cannot be used directly due to its high salt content.

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22
Q

What happens through desalination?

A

Seawater is turned into drinking water using advanced membrane technology. This process requires the use of energy as it reduces the salt content until it is acceptable for use in industries and households.

23
Q

Where is Singapore’s newest desalination plant?

A

Keppel Marina East Desalination Plant is large in scale, able to treat freshwater and seawater in 1 place. Raw water is either channelled from Marina Reservoir (Desalination Plant) or the sea (Desalination plant), depending on weather.

24
Q

What is the process of desalination? (1)

A
  1. Pre-Treatment: Screening and filtration to remove fine particles and micro-organisms
25
Q

What is the process of desalination? (2)

A
  1. Reverse osmosis: Pumps pre-treated seawater at high pressure using semi-permeable membranes to separate solids.
25
Q

What is the process of desalination? (3)

A
  1. Conditioning and Disinfection: Water is disinfected, re-mineralised and made potable by adding chemicals, chlorine ans flouride.
26
Q

Another country that uses technology to improve water?

A

USA (Kern-County; South).

27
Q

More about USA?

A

One of the top oil-producing countries, producing thousands of barrels of oil daily. 400L of wastewater is produced for every barrel of oil and they spend millions of dollars to treat wastewater before it can be discharged. USA is experimenting with AI to treat wastewater as the machine analyses how polluted the wastewater is before suggesting the most effective way to treat it. Now, they recycle up to 1.6 million litres of water daily.

28
Q

What do countries in regions where water is relatively scarce do?

A

They are likely to prioritise protection of water resources and conflicts may arise over sharing

29
Q

What do countries with relatively abundant water resources do?

A

They may allow neighbours to import water from them.

30
Q

What does Singapore aim to do when their 2 agreements with Malaysia expire?

A

SG aims to reply on other management strategies to ensure it can produce enough water on its own to meet people’s needs.

31
Q

When did the 1961 agreement expire?

A

2011

32
Q

How much did Singapore pay? (1961)

A

An annual rent of 5 ringgit per acre and 3 sen per 1000 gallons of raw water drawn

33
Q

What did Singapore provide Malaysia with? (1961)

A

Treated water daily, up to 12%Z of raw water drawn

34
Q

How much did Singapore charge Malaysia? (1961)

A

50 cents per 1000 gallons of treated water

35
Q

When does the 1962 agreement expire? (1962)

A

2061

36
Q

How much water can SG draw? (1962)

A

250 million gallons of water from Johor River daily

37
Q

What does Singapore provide Johor with? (1962)

A

Treated water daily, up to 2% of raw water drawn

37
Q

How much does Singapore pay? (1962)

A

Pays rent at standard rate & 3 sen per 1000 gallons of raw water drawn

38
Q

How much does Singapore charge Johor? (1962)

A

50 cents per 1000 gallons of treated water

38
Q

When does the 1990 agreement expire? (1990)

A

2061

38
Q

How much can Singapore draw? (1990)

A

250 million gallons of water from Johor River daily

39
Q

How much does Singapore pay? (1990)

A

Pays rent at standard rate & 3 sen per 1000 gallons of raw water drawn

40
Q

What does SG provide Malaysia with? (1990)

A

Treated water daily, up to 2% of raw water drawn

40
Q

What will SG continue to do until 2061? (1990)

A

Draw water from Johor River

41
Q

What is the most important river in Western Europe called?

A

Rhine

42
Q

What and when caused the pollution situation in the Rhine to worsen?

A

A toxic chemical spill in 1986 when large amounts of pesticides were released into the river

42
Q

When did the Rhine start to be seriously polluted?

A

1950s

42
Q

What path does the Rhine take?

A

It originates in Switzerland and flows through Germany, France and the Netherlands before entering the North Sea

43
Q

What happened after the situation in 1986 (Rhine)?

A

Many fish died and some species went extinct

44
Q

Which governments around the world decide to work together after the disaster in the Rhine and what did plan they do?

A

Governments of Switzerland, Germany and France decided to work together to manage pollution in the Rhine

45
Q

What did the governments do to improve the water quality in Rhine? (1)

A

They installed monitoring stations along the river that enabled water quality to be measure continuously every 6 minutes

46
Q

What did the governments do to improve the water quality in Rhine? (2)

A

They fined the industries who were found responsible for polluting the river

47
Q

What happened ever since the efforts of the several governments? (Rhine)

A

Water quality in the Rhine has seen significant improvement.

Sec 1 :D (22 decks)

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